中国对外直接投资促进了产业升级吗?:基于出口劳动结构视角的研究

Does China's OFDI Promote Industrial Upgrading?: A Study from the Perspective of Labor Structure Embodied in Export

中国面临产业转型升级困境,OFDI作为跨国公司在全球范围整合资源的重要手段,既能够使母国成为总部服务基地,又可能使其成为制造加工基地,因此,中国OFDI是否会促进母国产业升级是个值得深入研究的问题。文章从出口劳动结构视角研究了发展中国家OFDI对母国产业升级的影响机制,发现存在价值链转移效应和技术溢出效应。利用2003~2009年WIOD数据测算中国对64个国家(地区)的出口劳动结构,采用OFDI面板数据对理论假说进行实证检验。研究发现:逆分工梯度OFDI导致高端环节转出,价值链转移效应为负,而逆向技术溢出效应提高了出口高技术劳动占比,但负效应大于正效应,逆分工梯度OFDI抑制了产业升级;顺分工梯度OFDI的低端价值链转移效应提高了母国出口高技术劳动占比,但逆向技术溢出效应导致边际产业竞争优势加强,阻碍了母国产业升级,正效应小于负效应。

Based on the theoretical framework of Feenstra and Hanson( 1995),this paper analyzes the impacts of outward foreign direct investment on industrial upgrading in home country. By using the panel data of labor structure embodied in export and OFDI of 64 host countries from 2003 ～ 2009,we test the theoretical hypothesis empirically. The conclusion are as follows: In general,China's OFDI reduced the skilled-labor ration embodied in export and hindered the industrial upgrading. Specifically,the global-valuechain transfer effect of OFDI that oppose to specialization gradient reduced the high-skilled labor ratio embodied in export,while its reverse technology spillover effect increased high-skilled labor ratio. Meanwhile the global-value-chain transfer effect of OFDI along the specialization gradient can improve the skilled-labor ratio embodied in export,but its technology spillover effect may hamper the upgrading of industry and trade.