当代德国穆斯林移民融入方式和状况考察

An Analysis of Integration of the German Muslim Immigrants

二战后，经过四次大规模的移民浪潮，德国形成了以日耳曼人为主、多国族裔为辅的移民社会。其中，以伊斯兰教为信仰中心的穆斯林群体成为其中规模最大的少数族群。虽然德国穆斯林移民在受教育水平、职业地位方面无法与德国本土人匹敌，但得益于德国繁荣的经济状况和积极的融入措施，穆斯林群体在劳动力市场中整体表现相对良好；同时，穆斯林移民对德国的政府机构、政治体制信任度较高。然而，由于文化差异和信仰鸿沟的存在，加之所谓的“伊斯兰恐惧症”的蔓延，穆斯林很难得到德国主流社会的真正认同和接纳，政治参与度不高。而德国在“阿拉伯之春”后接纳的百万穆斯林难民给社会治安和本土文化带来巨大冲击，令本已取得一定成就的融入工作再度面临严峻挑战，穆斯林移民的社会融入和身份认同建构依然任重而道远。

After World War II, four massive waves of immigration have transformed Germany into a multi-ethnic society with its largest population Germans. Among all the minorities, Muslims with Islam religion become the largest group. Owing to the prosperity of German economy and positive integration policies conducted by federal government, though they have no edge over native Germans in terms of gaining higher occupational status for lack of education, Muslim immigrants perform rather well in the labor market on the whole. Meanwhile, Muslim immigrants are pretty satisfied with government institutions and its management as well as its Democracy. However, it is not quite easy for Muslim immigrants to enter into the mainstream society or participate in political affairs as cultural and religious differences can＇t be ignored. Moreover, the widespread of so-called ＂Islamophobia＂ even makes it harder for them to be accepted or recognized. Thus, joint efforts need to be made by all sectors of the German society in order to achieve the actual integration and identification. The Integration issue of millions of refugees from the Middle East, who sought asylum in Germany after ＂Arab Spring＂, has posed greater challenges for the German society.