论清末的地方审判机构改革——以天津审判厅为中心的考察

The Local Judicial Institution Reform in the Late Qing Dynasty: A Case Study of the Tianjin Court

清末的地方审判机构改革主要体现在两个方面:一是颁布一系列法规为各级审判厅的设立提供制度保障;二是在各直省设立审判厅,实现了行政和司法的分立。通过对天津审判厅改革实践的考察,表明改革确实取得了一定的成效,为近代司法体系的建立奠定了基础,也在一定程度上促进了近代司法理念的传播。但审判厅运作过程中存在的问题,也从一个侧面反映出清末司法改革的复杂面相。既有传统法律观念与近代司法理念之间的矛盾和冲突,也有清末复杂政局对司法改革的诸多掣肘。虽然,清末的地方审判机构改革实践存在着诸多不足之处,但改革所取得的成效,对于当时的法律改革乃至清末新政无疑具有重要的意义。

The reform of local judicial institutions in the late Qing Dynasty is mainly reflected in two aspects： first, promulgating a series of laws and regulations to provide system guarantee for the establishment of judicial halls at all levels; Second, the establishment of judicial offices in all the provinces, as well as the realization of administrative and judicial separation. Through the review of the practice of the reform of the trial halls in Tianjin, it shows that the reform has indeed achieved certain results. It lays the foundation for the establishment of the modern judicial system and to some extent promotes the spread of the modern judicial concept. But the problems exist in the operation of the courtrooms. It also reflects the complex aspect of the judicial reform in the late Qing Dynasty. Among them, there are contradictions and conflicts between the traditional legal concepts and the modern judicial concepts, and there are many constraints on the judicial reform caused by the complex political situation in the late Qing Dynasty. There are many deficiencies in the practice of the local judicial reform in the late Qing Dynasty, but the achievements of the reform are undoubtedly of great significance to the legal reform at that time and even to the new policies of the late Qing Dynasty.