试论近代山西乡村外来户的“入住权”——以《阶级成分登记表》为中心

A Study on the Residential right of Shanxi Rural Immigrant Households in Modern Times : Focusing on “Registration Form of Class Status”

清末至民国时期,山西成为关东之外的另一个移民目的地,超过200万的外来人口先后涌入山西,部分流入乡村,形成了一个特殊的群体———外来户。近代华北乡村具有家族血缘性、村庄地缘性的鲜明特征,外来户很难进入村中,只能寄居在村庄的边缘,只有获得村庄的"入住权",外来户才有生存与发展的可能。但"入住权"的获得不是一蹴而就的。通过解读形成于新中国成立后"四清"运动时期的《阶级成分登记表》,发现在灾荒的契机下,外来户围绕土地,通过雇佣、租佃、借贷等与本地户形成依附关系,通过投亲靠友、过继、入赘等与本地户结成亲缘关系,逐渐获得了村庄的"入住权"。华北乡村的"入住权"注重实践过程,与华南乡村"入住权"强调祖源认同相差甚远,是解释乡村社会形成与发展的重要因素。

From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China,Shanxi became another immigration destination outside Kanto,More than 2 million immigrants flooded into Shanxi,it formed a special group-immigrant households in the village. Until now,the villages in North China have the distinctive features of clan blood and village geography. It was hard for immigrant households to enter the village and only live on the edge of the village. Only get the Residential right,the immigrant households could have the possibility of survival and development. However,it was difficult to obtain the Residential right. By reading the "Registration Form of Class Status"which formed during the "Four Cleansing"Movement after the founding of People's Republic of China. We found that under the opportunity of famine,the immigrant households around the land formed a dependency relationship with local households through employment,tenancy and loans,formed a kinship relationship by adopting child,adopting into the bride's family and gradually gained the Residential right. The Residential right of rural villages in North China emphasized the practical process,which was far from the recognition of the ancestral home identity in South China. It was an important factor in explaining the formation and development of rural society.