医道与医术的再探讨--以《史记·扁鹊仓公列传》为中心

Discussion on Medical Principles and Skills——Center on the Biography of Bianque and Canggong from Shiji

《史记·扁鹊仓公列传》是我国医学史的重要篇目,蕴含了司马迁对于"医道"的深切关怀。文中诸多叙述、对话或综论语义双关,借"医道"言"治道"的现象较多。这一现象同样体现在《史记》中《龟策列传》与《日者列传》。前述特点可以归因于司马迁本人对于人事、天道或历史等宏大问题的深邃思考,与先秦时期以来诸子争衡的古典传统密不可分。随着儒学思想定于一尊,以医论道的话语权逐步为儒家士大夫所垄断,医术在内的各类知识退出了"治道"层面,古代医家与医学的"方术"色彩才由此显露。

The Biography of Bianque and Canggong in Shift is an important item for Chinese traditional medical history, including the author Sima Qian＇s deep attention on the principle of medicine. There are a lot of narration, dialogue and conclusion with double meanings by which the author wanted to express his views in medical words. Furthermore this phenomenon can also be found in other chapters, for example, the Biography of Guice and Rizhe. This character should be ascribed to Sima Qian＇s personal meditation towards the people, natural laws and history etc. Meanwhile, it can also be attributed to the ancient tradition of the hundred schools of thought during Pre-Qin in ancient China. However Confucius had became the only orthodox ideology in Han Dynasty, so all the speech right was deprived by confucian scholar-bureaucrats. Thus, all sorts of knowledge, including ancient medicine, disappeared in the kingdom of politics and descended to pure technology