乡村文化记忆空间的类型、格局及影响因素——以苏州金庭镇为例

Type classification, pattern characteristics and influencing factors of rural cultural memory space: A case study of Jinting town in Suzhou

乡村文化记忆及其空间载体的研究对于乡村文化的展示、恢复与重构具有重要意义。基于文化记忆理论框架,界定乡村文化记忆及其映射空间的概念和空间类型划分,以苏州市金庭镇(原西山镇)为例,结合地方志文献和GIS空间分析法进行乡村文化记忆空间的时空格局特征以及影响因素研究。结果表明:(1)乡村文化记忆空间类型可依据文化记忆的形式和记忆场的构成,划分为生活生产类、功能象征类、社会表征类、精神意识类等类型。(2)在时间格局方面,生活生产类空间一直保持相对平稳的增长态势,在明清时期达到高峰,其累计留存程度较好;功能象征类空间和社会表征类空间则呈现"倒U型"的变化趋势;精神仪式类空间基本由始至终融会贯通保持了平稳的发展态势。(3)在空间格局方面,乡村文化记忆空间自明清时期开始呈现聚集分布的特征,主导分布方向呈西南—东北向且由南向北逐步拓展,分布密度呈现由南向北的变化趋势,密度核心区域多以生活生产类空间为主。(4)影响因素研究发现,人地关系的变化是前提条件,民间信仰、民俗文风的兴盛是重要条件,官方支持、氏族及名人名仕的传承是保障条件,这些都影响着乡村文化记忆空间的格局变化。

The studies on culture of rural areas have been the focus of tourism geography. Especially, the study of rural cultural memory and its space is the logic origin of rural cultural studies, which is of great significance to the exhibition, recovery and reconstruction of rural culture. Based on cultural memory theory, we define the concepts of rural cultural memory, discuss the spatial type classification and rural cultural memory space. Moreover, we apply the proposed classification system to discuss the rural memory space of Jinting town （the original name： Xishan town） in Suzhou based on the combination of local chorography and GIS spatial analysis method. The results showed that： （1） Based on the cultural memory form and the memory feld, the types of cultural memory space are divided into life and production type, functional symbol type, social representation type and spiritual consciousness type. （2） The characteristics of the time pattern are as follows： the space of life and production type has remained relatively stable growth from the beginning, with a peak in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Afterwards, its cumulative level has retained better and developed smoothly. The spaces of functional symbol type and social representation type shows a changing trend of an inverted U-shape pattern, and has been greatly reduced since the Republican Period. The space of spiritual consciousness type has developed smoothly from the beginning to the end. （3） In terms of spatial pattern, the rural cultural memory spaces have presented the characteristics of the aggregation distribution. The dominant distribution showed a southwest-northeast trend, and gradually expanded from south to north. The distribution density demonstrated the cluster distribution characteristics, and presented the change trend from south to north. In particular, the core regions of space density were given priority to the space of life and production type. （4） The key influencing factors included： the change of human-environment interactions is the precondition for the evolution of rural cultural memory; the flourishment of folk belief and folk style is the important condition for the evolution of rural cultural memory; the inheritance of official support, clan and celebrity are the support condition for the evolution of rural cultural memory.