清代《红楼梦》评点论“梅花”与李纨

Comments on "Plum Blossoms" and Li Wan in A Dream of Red Mansions of the Qing Dynasty

红楼叙事中,"梅花"与李纨存在三而一成的喻指关系。清代《红楼梦》评点的有关论述比较稀疏、散落,相对集中在其中的两个对应层次:一是"落梅"与李纨,就李纨应旨而成的一匾一诗,或从诗才说起析得李纨的以理自守,或从作品说起析得李纨的维持名教。二是"老梅"与李纨,就李纨掣签一事,认为花名"老梅"贴切李纨身分,题字"霜晓寒姿"恰合李纨,附诗"竹篱茅舍自甘心",或为李纨写照,或为尤表微意。这些评点文字,比较集中地解说了李纨的性情与妇德,自然也映出了同处封建时代的评者所遵奉的传统道德观念。清代评者也许是关注所谓的传统女教与妇德太多,反而忽视了李纨的自然人性,而这正是作者于"雪梅"与李纨的对应层次中着重表现的。

In the narrative of A Dream of Red Mansions,there is a metaphorical relationship between three periods of＂plum blossoms＂and Li Wan.The discussions,which related to the comments on the A Dream of Red Mansions in the Qing Dynasty,are relatively sparse and scattered,and they relatively concentrated on two corresponding levels：the first was＂withering plum blossoms＂and Li Wan.According to a poem and a plague written by Li Wan which are responded to the order,her self restraint can be analyzed from the poem,and from the works,we can know that Li Wan persists in the fame and the feudal ethical code.The second level is＂old plum blossoms＂and Li Wan.On the basis of the issue of drawing lots,the symbol of old plum blossoms is suitable for Li Wan’s identity,and the inscription of＂an old plum blossom in the winter morning＂is a proper description of Li Wan.A verse＂There is no wants and desires even in a poor and rough cottage＂gives us an image of Li Wan or expresses the feeling of the author.These comments focus on her temperament and women virtue and the traditional moral values of the commenter are reflected naturally.The critics of the Qing Dynasty may be concerned with the so-called traditional female education and women virtue so much that they neglected the natural humanity of Li Wan.This is the reason for the third level of comparison between＂plum blossoms in snow＂and Li Wan,which is emphasized in this paper.