叙利亚政党制度与政治稳定研究

Research on Political System and Political Stability in Syria

政党制度与政治稳定是现代化进程中引人关注的政治发展问题。20世纪以来,叙利亚政党政治经历了复杂多变的演进历程,政治稳定因素贯穿于其政党制度的变迁过程,并深刻影响着叙利亚的现代化进程和国内局势。复兴党的崛起是叙利亚现代民族国家建立的客观需要,其通过军事政变建立起一党执政、党政合一的政治制度。哈菲兹·阿萨德夺取政权后,至高无上的个人权威凌驾于政党之上,复兴党沦为阿萨德家族的统治工具。叙利亚一党独大的政治格局具有浓重的军人夺权、个人专权、家族统治、教派纷争的色彩。随着巴沙尔的上台和21世纪初以来国际局势的变化,强压式统治之下政治、经济、社会、民族、教派矛盾进一步凸显,巴沙尔既无力重塑其父的"奇里斯玛式"权威,也难以妥善解决威权主义政党制度的矛盾。阿拉伯世界政治的动荡以及外部干预,固然是导致叙利亚复兴党陷入执政危机的重要原因,但危机的根本原因则是其政党政治发展与民族国家建构的双重失败。

Political system and political stability are appealing issues of political development in the progress of modernization.Since the 20th century,Syrian party politics has experienced a very complex process of evolution. Factors concerning political stability were seen through the whole process of development.These factors caused deep effects on the progress of modernization and internal situation.The rise of Baath Party was in the demand of establishment of Syrian nation-state.After a military coup,Baath Party set up a political system characterized with mono-party state and combination of party and government.After Hafiz Assad stepped to power,his supreme personal authority was above the party and the Baath became the ruling instrument of Assad's family.The mono-party situation in Syria was attributed with such characters as power seized by the army,autocracy taken by the ruler,state ruled by one family and chaos caused by religious sects.After Bashar Assad came to power and dramatic changes took place in the world in the early 21^(st) century,contradictions in politics,economy,society and between nations,religions became further protruding under the ruling suppression.Bashar could neither rebuilt the"Charisma"authority like his father nor could he settle the contradictions in the party system with authoritarianism.Chaos in Arab world and intervenes from external powers are out of question the important reasons for the crisis of Syrian Baath Party in power,but the fundamental reason is the double failures both in development of its party politics and construction of its nation-state.