艾滋病的双重污名:工具与符号——基于一个艾滋病论坛的网络民族志研究

Double stigma of AIDS: instrument and symbol——Ethnography on an AIDS online forum

污名如何建构艾滋病及其相关人群?如何影响"我群"对艾滋病"他者"的认知?本文通过对一个艾滋病网络论坛的民族志研究,试图揭示艾滋病的污名特征:既有基于病毒传染恐惧的工具污名,更有基于道德评判的符号污名。研究发现,导致艾滋病高污名的原因有四点:难以治愈甚至致死、可传染性、症状引起人们的厌恶和反感、患病被认为是患者的责任。艾滋病感染者"危险人物""定时炸弹"的污名部分源于人们的"自我防卫"机制;更严重的是,通过主流话语的道德审判,艾滋病被认为是不检点的人的专利。人们常常将艾滋病患者区分为两种类型:无辜的受害者和罪有应得的人。前者需要承受工具污名,后者除此之外还要承受符号污名。

What is the stigma of AIDS and related groups born from？ How does it influence “our” cognition on AIDS？ Based on ethnography on an AIDS online forum, this article tries to reveal the characteristics of AIDS stigma： instrument stigma from the fear of viral communication and symbol stigma from moral judgment. There are four conditions that are considered to be the cause of high HIV stigma： AIDS is incurable and even fatal; it is infectious; its symptoms are nasty; and the patients are thought to be guilty. The stigma of AIDS patient like “dangerous people” or “time bomb” is partly due to self-defense mechanism. What is worse, with dominant discourse’s moral judgement, AIDS is considered to be an exclusive disease belonging to notorious people. Often, the patients with AIDS are divided into two types： the innocent victims and peoples deserving their punishment. The former needs to bear instrument stigma, while the latter has to bear symbol stigma as well as instrument stigma.