适配体在受体和分子传感器中的应用研究进展

The application of aptamers in receptor-and molecule-based biosensors

适配体是从随机寡核苷酸文库中筛选得到的一类可以结合特异靶分子的寡核苷酸序列,在生物医学中具有极其诱人的应用前景.与传统抗体相比,由于具有制备简便、易于修饰、稳定性好,以及结合目标物范围广等特点,适配体已广泛应用于生物传感器的开发,一方面可以用作敏感元件,用于实现对靶分子的识别和检测;另一方面,可以作为敏感元件与传感器件耦合的桥梁,提高耦合的效率.此外,近年来在基于适配体的生物传感器中引入各种纳米材料例如金属纳米颗粒、碳材料和功能性纳米球等也促进了基于适配体的生物传感器在分析性能和商业应用等方面的提升和改进.本文首先简要介绍了基于SELEX技术筛选适配体的方法,总结了适配体的基本特性;其次,详细概括和总结了适配体生物传感器的基本原理及其分类;随后,结合近年来基于适配体的生物传感器领域的最新研究成果,重点介绍了适配体在生物传感器开发中的应用,主要包括在仿生嗅觉与味觉受体传感器方面的应用以及在检测小分子物质和蛋白质的应用;最后,对适配体在生物传感器中的应用面临的问题及其发展趋势进行了分析和展望.

Aptamer is an oligonucleotide sequence that can bind to a specific target molecule,which is screened from a random oligonucleotide library.It has shown promising prospects in biomedical applications.Due to its decisive advantages such as simple preparation,easy modification,good stability and wide range of targets compared with traditional antibodies,aptamer has been widely applied in the development of biosensors,which can not only be used to realize the identification and detection of target molecules,but also be utilized as the bridge between sensitive elements and transducers to improve the coupling efficiency.In addition,in recent years,the introduction of various nanomaterials such as metal nanoparticles,carbon materials and functional nanospheres to aptamer-based biosensors has contributed to their improvement in analytical performances and commercial applications.First,this review briefly introduces the methods for aptamer screening based on the SELEX technique and summarizes basic properties of aptamers.Second,the basic principle and classification of aptamer-based biosensors are introduced in detail.Third,based on the most recent progress in the field of aptamer-based biosensors,we focus on the applications of aptamers in biosensor development,including the applications in the field of biomimetic olfactory and taste receptor biosensors as well as applications in the detection of small molecules and proteins.Finally,we analyze and discuss the problems and development trends of applications of aptamers in biosensors.