外国人在内国民法中的地位比较研究——对《民法总则》第14条的涉外性及其与次级立法冲突的探讨

A Comparative Study of the Status of Foreigners in Civil Law:On the Foreign Element of Article 14 of “General Principles of Civil Law”and Its Conflicts with Subordinate Legislations

外国人分为友国人、敌国人、外交人员、合法居住与非法入境者、难民、轻度外国人和重度外国人、无国籍人等许多子类型,每种人的法律地位各有不同。另外,未归化的土著人、被剥夺公权者构成拟制的外国人。在外国人与公民之间,还有中间性的海外公民、双重国籍人、港澳台人、绿卡人。罗马法和中国古代法各有处理外国人法律地位的经验值得今人借鉴。现代法除了少有的完全平等对待外国人的立法例外,都对外国人的权利能力课加或多或少的限制。我国也不例外。2017年国务院颁布的自贸区外商投资准入负面清单构成大幅限制外国人权利能力的次级法,而《民法总则》第14条赋予外国人与中国公民完全同样的权利能力,这样就造成了次级法与基本法的冲突。这样的冲突只能通过未来的司法解释给《民法总则》第14条加上但书解决。

Foreigners could be divided into many subtypes with different legal status,including friendlyforeigners,hostile aliens,diplomatic personnel,legal residents and illegal immigrants,refugees,“mild”foreigners,“unconsolidated” foreigners and stateless persons. They are regarded as “artificial” foreignerstogether with those indigenous persons who have not been naturalized and those being deprived of their publicrights. Between the range of foreigners and citizens,there are intermediate citizens like overseas citizens, citizens with dual nationality,residents of Hong Kong,Macao,Taiwan and those with permanent residency cards. It＇s worthy of drawing on the experiences of Roman law and Chinese ancient law in dealing with the legalstatus of foreigners. With a few exceptions of regulations which treat foreigners and citizens qually,modernlaws impose more or less restrictions on the legal capacity of foreigners. China is no exception. In 2017,the StateCouncil promulgated the negative list of foreign investment access in the Free Trade Zone,which constitutes asub-law that greatly limits the legal capacity of foreigners. However,Article 14 of the “General Principles of Civil Law” grants foreigners the same legal capacities as Chinese citizens. As a esult,there is conflict betweenthe subordinate legislation and the general law. Such conflict can only be resolved by a proviso to Article 14 bymeans ofjud icial interpretations.