试论《左传》第三人称代词的句法、语义、语用特征

Tentatively on the Syntactic,Semantic and Pragmatic Features of the Third Person Pronouns in the Tso Chuan

《左传》中第三人称代词主要有"之""其""彼""厥""夫"五个,其中"之""其"最为常见。"之""其"都可兼指一、二、三人称,"之"在句中绝大多数作宾语,作定语时并非以处于"为"字之后为主。"其"在句中主要作定语,常用作主语,且"其"作主语的情况可以分为两类:一是"其"处于主谓作宾句中充当小主语,二是"其"单独作主语。"其"用于宾次时均处于双宾结构中。第三人称代词"彼"主要作主语,且《左传》中存在第三人称代词"彼"作定语的情况。第三人称代词"厥"在句中均作定语,"夫"在句中绝大多数作主语。第三人称代词"之""其""彼""厥""夫"均可表单复数语义,除了"彼"之外,"之""其""厥""夫"均主要表单数语义。《左传》中第三人称代词在句中的"照应"关系可以分为"表层回指"和"深层回指"两种类型,且以表层回指为主,这一时期基本上已完成了从指示代词到第三人称代词的转指。

In the Tso Chuan, there are five pronouns of third person, Zhi（之）, Qi（其）, Bi（彼）, Jue（厥）and Fu（夫）, and among them, Zhi（之）, Qi（其） are the commonest. Both ＂ Zhi＂ and ＂Qi＂ can refer to thefirst, second or third person. ＂ Zhi＂ is mostly taken as the object in the sentence, often used as the subject.While being as an attribute, it does not always follow Wei（为）,Qi（其） is commonly used as an attribute or asubject. It, as a subject, can be divided into two categories： acting as a minor subject in subject？verb objectsentences, or merely as one subject. Qi（其） appears in a double？object structure. Bi（彼） the third personpronoun is often taken as a subject, and also as an attribute sometimes in the Tso Chuan. Jue（厥） the thirdperson pronoun is commonly used as an attributive, Fu（夫） as a subject. These third person pronouns Zhi（之）, Qi（其）, Jue（厥） and Fu（夫） can express singular or plural meanings, and except Bi（彼）, theymainly refer to singular semantics. The relationship between the third person pronouns in the Tso Chuan can be divided into two types of ＂ surface anaphora＂ and ＂ deep anaphora＂ , with the surface anaphora as the mainpart. This period has basically witnessed the transfer from the deictic pronoun to the third person pronoun.