晚清乡村秀才的多重角色与多样收入——清光绪年间徽州乡村秀才胡廷卿收支账簿研究

On the Multiple Roles and Incomes of Country Xuicai( County Level Scholar) in the Late Qing Dynasty——Research on the Account Books of Hu Ting-qing a Xuicai of Huizhou in the Reign of Emperor Guangxu

光绪年间徽州秀才胡廷卿具有亦绅亦商的多重角色,他既为村民提供教学、治病、看八字、合婚、择期,以及祀会管理等服务,从中获取束修、"喜包钱"等收入;与此同时,胡廷卿又购置茶园地,生产、销售红茶,并投资茶号,成为茶叶贸易商人,并从商业经营中获得收入。胡廷卿在乡村生活中所表现出的多重角色与多样收入现象,较为具体地反映了晚清乡村士绅谋生方式及其收入变化的实际形态。其中,塾师收入过低是胡廷卿谋生方式转变的内在原因,而自身的文化素养、乡村自然经济资源、徽州经商传统和市场发展状况,则是其谋生方式转变的外在因素。

Hu Ting-qing who was a Xuicai（ county level scholar） of Huizhou in the reign of emperor Guangxu in the Qing dynasty,had multiple roles-gentry and businessman. He provided the villagers with services such as teaching,treatment,divination and so on to earn teacher＇s salary,red packets（ kickbacks）,etc. Meanwhile he bought lands for tea plantation,made and sold Black tea,and invested in a tea firm. Accordingly,he became a tea businessman and made profits from business. The phenomenon that Hu Ting-qing had multiple roles and incomes in country life specifically reflects actual transition situations of country gentry＇s living methods and incomes in the late Qing Dynasty. The immanent cause of changes in his means of making a living is attributed to teacher＇s low incomes,while the transient causes are attributed to his own culture literacy,rural natural and economic resources,Huizhou business tradition and market developments.