家庭承包地“三权”分置的制度逻辑探究——基于制度需求与供给的视角

Exploring the Institutional Logic of Tripartite Rural Land Entitlement System of “Family Contracted Land” from the Perspective of Institutional Demand and Supply

研究目的:阐明"三权"分置的制度逻辑,为制度供给的增量调整提供一种思路。研究方法:文献分析法、政策文本分析法。研究结果:当下农民、新型农业经营者出现新的制度诉求,既有土地承包经权营制度不足以满足该需求。承包地制度供给创新要做实承包权,辨明"三权"分置下经营权所处的位置。土地经营权的权利塑造过程应坚持物债二分法,实现物权法、合同法双重法制途径的并重。研究结论:承包地"三权"分置本质上是理论创新问题,辨清"三权"分置的制度逻辑,仍需以实践需求为出发点,新的制度供给是一个增量调整与立法跟进问题。对经营权性质的探讨有必要融入物债二分逻辑,对于短期限的土地经营权,应按照契约自由原则,实行意思主义,权利类型、权利内容经双方自由创设,对长期存续的土地经营权可实现物权化,实行物权法定主义,按照法定规格与程序流转。

The purpose of this paper is to illuminate the institutional logic of tripartite rural land entitlement system and provide a path to promote the incremental adjustment of institution supply.The methods employed are literature analysis and policy text analysis.The results indicate that farmers and new operators have produced new demands on contracted land currently,and the current institution for land contractual management can＇t meet the demands.The land contract rights should be strengthened in the process of the institutional supply innovation,and the position of land management right should also be clarified under the tripartite rural land entitlement system.The process of creating land management right should adhere to the real right and obligation right dichotomy system,and emphasize the double legal way of property law and contract law.It is concluded that tripartite rural land entitlement system of family contracted land is a question of theoretical innovation in essence.We should take the practical demands as the starting point when identifying its institutional logic.The new institutional supply is a question of incremental adjustment and legislative follow-up.It is necessary to integrate the discussion of the nature of land management right with real right and obligation right dichotomy.For the short-term land management right,we should observe the principle of freedom of contract and consensualism,and the type and content of rights can be set freely.The long-term land management right can be created as real right.We should observe numerus clausus,and transfer land according to the legal specification and process.