中国古代历史教育若干理论问题的思考

Some Reflections on the Theoretical Issues of Ancient Chinese History Education

历史教育是指以历史学为基础所进行的历史知识、历史观念和历史思维等的教育、教学与研究活动,在学科属性上属于史学史的研究范围和分支学科。中国古代历史教育主要有官学、私学、社会和帝王四种类型,官学历史教育主要是指官立的从中央到地方各级各类学校所进行的历史教育,私学历史教育主要是指家庭、童蒙和书院等的历史教育,社会历史教育包括广义的各种历史研究活动以及民间说书讲史等,帝王历史教育主要体现在大臣谏言和经筵讲史等活动中。中国古代历史教育的基本功能主要包括三个方面,一是培养人文素质,即通过历史教育,进行道德修养、知识学习和能力培养;二是探究历史兴衰,即要正确认识历史治乱兴衰的过程及其规律,为现实政治提供治国安邦的历史的经验教训,培养受教育者的政治兴趣和见识能力;三是关心民族国家,包括民族团结和国家发展,要用发展的眼光来看待中国民族与国家的历史,树立起民族国家历史文化的自信。

As a branch of historiography,history education means teaching of and research of history related to historical knowledge,historical ideas and historical thoughts. There are four types of history education in ancient China,namely,official education,private education,social education and education for emperors. Official history education was provided by official schools at different levels.Private history education was provided by home and private school. Social history education means all kinds of historical research and storytelling related to history. History education for emperors manifested itself as expostulation of ministers and courses for emperors. The basic functions of ancient history education could be understood in three aspects： firstly,it prompted humanity,namely ethics,knowledge and ability; secondly,it focused on research vicissitudes,which means it focused on the rule of and process of rise and decline of dynasties,then provided lessons for people and developed their ability,and thirdly,the history education made people was concerned with nation and country,namely,the union of ethnic groups and development of country,and it helped people learn Chinese nation and country history in light of development and build up cultural confidence.