金代史官考

A Research on the Historiographers of the Jin Dynasty

金代皇权更替多伴有政变,皇帝往往借修史维护其皇位正统地位,国史纂修与皇权政治虽不同物,然密不可分。因此,金代实录记注较为系统,金代史学也受到古今学人重视,史官也最得职。史官制度完备且有效。修史机构胡汉合一,而史官女真、汉各置,史官群体由女真、汉、契丹、奚、东胡后裔、拓跋氏后裔等多民族构成。史籍所见各族各类史官133人,接近皇权核心的重要史官大都是女真人,汉人、契丹人承担修史实务,史官皆才学、慎密之士,是金代官僚集团中的"精英"人群。金代史官制度上承辽、宋、唐,然其修史机构常置,史官较为稳定,胡汉分工合作,纂成汉文、女真文《实录》、《起居注》等,使金代史官修史制度既有浓郁的传统性又有鲜明的时代与民族特性。

Since some changes of throne of the Jin Dynasty were due to the military coups,the emperors were need consolidate their power by compiling history,so the compilation of history was indissolubly linked with the throne. The Veritable Records of Jin were recorded in a systematic way,so the historiography during this period was to carry weight. Since the institution of historiographers was perfect,the historiographers could do their duty. In the Jin Dynasty,there was a unified institution for compiling history,while various posts were created for different historians of ethnic groups,so the historiographers came from Han,Nuzhen,Khitan,Xi,descendants of Eastern Hu and Sienpi. Most of the important historiographers who were close to the seat of power among the 133 historians who recorded in history were Nvzhen,while the Han and Khitan historians took on actual responsibilities. As bookmen and cautious men,these historians were outstanding persons in the Jin Dynasty. The institution of historiographers of Jin inherited the tradition of Tang,Song,and Liao Dynasties,but it became a standing institution. Han and minority historiographers worked together and compiled Veritable Records and Court Diaries in Chinese and Nvzhen. The institution of historiographers are subtle blend of traditional merits with contemporary and ethnic characteristics.