一和多——作为人类学基本问题的人群关系

One-Many Central Problem——Human Group Relation as a Basic Issue of Anthropology

"一"和"多"问题是人类学乃至整个社会科学的基本问题,但在中国人类学的发展历程中,一和多的问题并没有直接被讨论,而是蕴含中国乡村、中国民族和国际发展几个主题的相关研究之中。中国乡村研究中的一和多问题聚焦在具体社区研究对中国整个乡村社会代表性的争论上;中国民族相关研究中的一和多问题,体现在一体的国家与多元民族身份的关系上;而在国际发展研究中,追求单一的普遍价值与还是立足于世界各地的多元文化,体现了一和多的分野。一和多同时具备分别性与交互性两种禀赋,仅从理性之思出发,则易强调一和多的分别性,走向极端;而从情出发,则可看到一和多的同在,超越一多之别。

The issues about unitary and plurality are basic problems in anthropology and even in all the social science, but which aren＇t directly discussed in the development course of Chinese anthropology, whereas they are usually embedded in several research themes like Chinese rural areas, national minorities in China and international development. Issues about Chinese rural areas partly focus on the debate whether certain community study could represent the Chinese entire rural society. Then, researches in national minorities, unitary and plurality problems largely focalize on the argument between the integrated nation and multiethnic identity. In international de- velopment studies, ideas based on west universal value or on diverse cultures from other often reflect unitary and plurality divisions. Meanwhile, unitary and plurality have antitheses and unification two characteristics, so with the underpinning of rational thinking they easily go toward extreme due to the emphasis differences between unitary and plurality, but inversely, with feelings, both can be seen in the same time and beyond their distinctions.