俄罗斯联邦民族-国家建设与分离主义的消弭

The Construction of Russian Federation's Nation-state and Elimination of Separatism

苏联解体以来,俄罗斯在民族-国家建设中成效显著,不仅极大地提升了国家能力,而且解决国内分离问题,避免了国家失败和政治衰朽。俄罗斯境内分离主义的消弭,在于其领袖选择了成熟的民族-国家政策和策略。20世纪90年代,俄罗斯国家精英克服国家分裂的风险,建立起总统制和不对称联邦制,但面临着地区分立主义和车臣分离主义问题。历经两次车臣分离冲突之后,普京总统进行联邦制改革,把权力集中到了联邦中央;通过大国外交构建了俄罗斯现代认同;通过八月战争强化了俄罗斯政权的强力性。此后,通过干预乌克兰危机,极大提升了俄罗斯政权的民族性特质,再次巩固了俄罗斯民族-国家建设的成果。普京四任预示着其保守主义政策理念的延续,俄罗斯民族-国家强力建设的步伐不会停顿,但也意味着俄罗斯的民族-国家建设面临新一轮的挑战。

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia has gained remarkable achievements in its nation-state construction. It has not only greatly promoted its national capacity, but also solved problems of domestic separation, avoiding national failures and political decay. The elimination of separatism in Russia lies in its leaders＇ choice in a mature nation-state policy. In the 1990s,Russian elites overcame the risk of state division, established the presidential system and asymmetric federal system, but still faced problems of regional decentralism and Chechen separatism. After two clashes of separatism in Chechnya, President Putin carried out federal reforms, concentrated the power of the federal government, and constructed Russian modem national identity through great power diplomacy. In the new Putin era, Putin greatly enhanced the national character of Russian regime by intervening in other countries＇ separation and taking over Crimea. Accordingly, achievements in construction of Russian nation-state are again consolidated. At present, Putin＇s election foreshadows the continuation of Putinism policy concepts and indicates the never-ending paces of Russian nation-state construction. Meanwhile, a new round of challenges also awaits.