教育在经济增长中的作用：要素积累、效率提升抑或资本互补？

The Role of Education in Economic Growth:Factor Accumulation,Efficiency Promotion or Capital Complementarity?

教育和人力资本是保持经济持续增长的重要源泉。从教育与劳动力、物质资本和技术进步的关系入手,分析教育在经济增长中的作用机制,并推导出教育作为要素积累、效率提升和资本互补的三项作用机制。研究发现,教育人力资本既可以作为"要素积累"直接作用于产出,也可以通过"效率提升"间接促进经济增长;不同层次教育人力资本作用于经济增长的方式不同;教育人力资本还通过与物质资本的互补效应对经济增长产生影响。为此,要把教育优先发展作为供给侧结构性改革的首要战略重点推进;加大力度发展精英型高水平大学;加大力度推进大众化普及性高等教育的实践性应用型转型;加速推进高等教育与地区经济发展的协同。

Education and human capital are major driving forces of sustained economic growth. Some studies have focused on the impact of education on economic growth and its contribution,but there has not been much research on the mechanism between them. Starting with the relationship between education and labor force,physical capital,and technological progress,the researcher analyzes the role of education in economic growth. Based on the theory of endogenous growth,diffusion of technology,and the theory of ＂capital-skilled labor complementarity＂, ＂factor accumulation＂, ＂efficiency promotion＂ and ＂capital complementarity＂ as three mechanisms of education are deduced.Together with the improved growth model,we used the panel data of 30 provinces（cities,districts）in China from 1997 to 2015 to conduct empirical research and found：Educational human capital can act directly as ＂factor accumulation＂ on output,and it can also indirectly promote economic growth through ＂efficiency promotion＂;Different levels of educational human capital affect economic growth in different ways. Basic educational human capital mainly acts as a direct factor to promote output,while advanced educational human capital indirectly affects output by accelerating technological progress;Educational human capital also has an impact on economic growth through the complementary effects of physical capital. About 5% of the contribution of material capital to economic growth is also due to educational human capital.Finally,the recommendations related to the education and human capital policy for China＇s economic transformation and upgrading are provided.