青霉素发酵尾气VOCs污染特征及健康风险评价

Pollution Condition and Health Risk Assessment of VOCs in Fermentation Exhaust from Penicillin Production

青霉素是制药行业中应用最广、历史最长的抗生素.青霉素属于生物发酵类药物,在其生产过程中会产生大量发酵尾气,其中所含有的挥发性有机物(VOCs)对环境造成了严重影响.本文从现状调研、现状监测和健康风险评估这3个方面研究了发酵尾气的污染特性,结果表明,在青霉素发酵尾气中共检测到23种VOCs,其中主要包括:乙酸乙烯酯、三氟三氯乙烷、二氯四氟乙烷、二氯甲烷等;在升温阶段、保压阶段、降温阶段和发酵阶段这4个阶段中氯代烃类所占比例最大(24.63%~78.83%),其次是酯类(11.16%~52.40%),这两类物质总量和占总挥发性有机物(VOCs)含量的90%以上;应用健康风险评估的模型对检测出的VOCs做污染水平分析,发酵尾气的非致癌风险值为4.98×10-5a-1,通过浓度梯度扩散法估算风险值远低于国际辐射防护委员会推荐的最大可接受水平(5×10-5a-1),不会对暴露人群造成非致癌危害,但发酵尾气中的VOCs对人群存在致癌影响,其中对人体造成健康危害的主要是1,3-丁二烯、二氯甲烷、氯甲烷、四氯化碳、苯、1,1-二氯乙烷.

Penicillin is the most widely used and longest-lived antibiotic in the pharmaceutical industry. It belongs to the biofermentation chass of drugs,with a large amount of fermentation exhaust containing volatile organic compounds（ VOCs） generated during the process of penicillin production,which have a serious impact on the environment. In this study,the pollution characteristics of the fermented exhaust are studied by using investigation and testing the souces of the pollution and via a health risk assessment model. The main results show that 23 kinds of VOCs were detected in the penicillin fermentation exhaust. The main pollutants included vinyl acetate trifluorotrichloroethane,dichlorotetrafluoroethane,and methylene chloride. In the heating stage,holding stage,cooling stage,and fermentation stage,the proportion of chlorinated hydrocarbons was the highest,followed by esters,and the total amount of these two kinds of substances accounted for more than 90% of total volatile organic compounds（ TVOCs）. Using the model of health risk assessment,the noncarcinogenic risk value of the total fermented exhaust was 4. 98 × 10-5,which estimating the risk value by concentration gradient expansion is much lower than the maximum acceptable level（ 5 × 10-5 a-1） recommended by the International Commission on Radiation Protection（ ICRP）,which will not cause certain non-carcinogenic risk to the exposed population. VOCs in fermentation exhaust also have carcinogenic effects on human beings. The main health hazards to humans are 1,3-butadiene,dichloromethane,methyl chloride,carbon tetrachloride,benzene,and 1,1-dichloroethane.