晋北冬春茬温室番茄定植气象条件分析

Winter-spring Greenhouse Tomato Planting in Northern Shanxi: Meteorological Condition Analysis

为了做好冬春茬番茄的茬口安排,提高或保持番茄定植期适宜的温度和光照条件,笔者利用大同市温室蔬菜主产区阳高县2014年温室资料,对近年来农民定植经验指标进行统计、检验;同时以2014年为参照年,统计1991—2015年11月1日至次年1月20日的平均气温、极端最低、极端最高气温、平均最高、平均最低气温,假如有3项分别与2014年对应的温度相差2℃以内,就认为是相似年;用逐步回归法模拟了温室内小气候。经验指标表明:定植一般让过三九,如遇寒潮来袭,可推迟定植,避过寒流。温室资料检验表明:2014年定植期间在不同的天气条件下日最高气温、平均气温均达到经验指标要求,而最低气温较低,未能达到经验指标,可通过温室内搭建2层小弓棚达到低温标准。在相似年粗分析中发现:1991—2015年中,75%的年为相似年,即正常年份、正常管理,温室温度均可达到育苗到定植经验指标。逐步回归模拟温室小气候表明:温室内气温除与当天的天空状况有关外,还与前一天温室内外的基础温度有关。

To make the crop arrangement of tomato in winter-spring season, and improve or maintain theproper temperature and light condition for tomato planting date, the authors make a statistical inspectionanalysis of the farmers＇ planting experience index in recent years, by using the greenhouse data of Yanggao in 2014, which is the main production area of greenhouse vegetable in Datong. At the same time, the authors take 2014 as the reference year, and examine the average temperature, extreme minimum and maximumtemperature, mean maximum and minimum temperature from November 1 to the following January 20 during1991-2015, and determine the similar years which have 3 indexes within 2℃ difference to the correspondingtemperature of 2014; then the authors simulate the microclimate in the greenhouse by stepwise regressionmethod. The experience index indicated that： the third nine-day period after the Winter Solstice-the coldestdays of winter-should be avoided in the field planting, and in case of cold wave, the field planting should beproperly delayed. The greenhouse test showed that： during the field planting date in 2014, the maximumtemperature and the average temperature under different weather conditions reached the experience indexrequirements, but the minimum temperature was too low to achieve the experience index, and building 2 layersof small arch shed could made the minimum temperature reach the low temperature standard. In the roughanalysis of similar years, it was found that from 1991 to 2015, 75% of the years were similar years, which meant that under normal years and normal management, the temperature of the greenhouse could reach theexperience index of growing seedlings to field planting. The stepwise regression simulation of the greenhousemicroclimate showed that： the temperature of the greenhouse was related to the sky condition of the day and thebasic temperature inside and outside the greenhouse of the previous day.