海上保险代位求偿权的法律性质探析

Analysis on the Legal Nature of the Marine Insurance Subrogation

海上保险代位求偿权制度源自民法代位权制度,是海上保险人的一项法定的权利,其突破了合同相对性原则,是民法债权制度功能的进一步发展。海上保险代位求偿权是民法公平原则和保险法补偿原则相结合的产物,应当从民法到保险法到海商法的研究进路来探讨其权利来源和理论基础。在保险人行使海上保险代位求偿权的过程中,如果海上保险标的是推定全损,保险人接受委付,代位求偿权是一种物上代位;如果海上保险标的是部分损失和实际全损,则被代位的权利就是权利代位。从被保险人和第三人之间的法律关系分析,保险人获得的代位求偿权可能是侵权损害赔偿请求权或违约损害赔偿请求权。

The system of marine insurance subrogation derives from the subrogation system of civil law and is a statutory right of the marine insurer. It breaks through the principle of contract relativity and is a further development of the function of the debt system of civil law. The marine insurance subrogation is a product of the combination of the principle of fairness in civil law and the principle of compensation in insurance law. It is necessary to explore the source of rights and theoretical basis of the marine insurance subrogation through the research route from civil law to insurance law to maritime law. During the course of the insurer＇s exercise of the marine insurance subrogation,if the subject matter of the marine insurance is subject to constructive total loss,the insurer accepts the commission,the subrogation right would be a subrogation; if the subject matter of the marine insurance is subject to partial loss and actual total loss,the right to be subrogated would be the right to substitute. From the analysis of the legal relationship between the insured and the third party,the subrogation right that the insurer obtains may be the right to infringement claims or the right to claim damage compensation for breach of contract.