从功德到人心:秦汉皇帝即位理念之变迁

From Gong and De to Renxin: A Discussion on Evolution of the Idea of Emperor Accession in the Qin and Han Dynasties

秦汉确立皇帝即位理念:功、德、天命与人心,不同的皇帝即位都有不同的诠释,随时变化、发展和完善。秦始皇即位理念是"功","功高三皇,德过五帝"被认为主要是"武德","功"与"德"同一;刘邦即位,"功"为军功,"德"为恩德,"功"和"德"分离;文帝即位,"德"扩展为"贤圣仁孝";至刘秀即位时,"德"是文德,是恩惠士民的政策与制度。"天命"自文帝时提出,武帝时以儒学诠释而发展完善;到东汉时受谶纬思潮的影响,"天命"来自谶言。"人心"在文帝时是诸侯、军士拥护,百姓人人自安之心,更始时是思汉之心,刘秀即位则成为百姓渴望安定之心。汉代即位理念影响深远,魏晋至隋开国皇帝即位又对各理念予以诠释,出现新的内容。

There were four idea of the Qin and Han Dynasties emperor accession：Gong,De,Tianming and Renxin.Different accession had different interpretations that were changed,developed and improved over time.The idea of Qin Shihuang accession was＂Gong＂.＂Higher Gong than three sovereigns and more De than five emperors＂was mainly considered＂Wude＂.The＂Gong＂and＂De＂was the same.When Liu Bang ascended to the throne,the idea of＂Gong＂was military merit and the idea of＂De＂was Ende.The＂Gong＂and＂De＂was separated.Emperor Wen ascended to the throne.The De was expanded to＂Sheng Xian Ren Xiao＂.At the time of Liu Xiu,the＂De＂was＂Wende＂which was a combination of institutional policies and measures.＂Tianming＂idea was put forward in the emperor Wen,was got well developed under the interpretation of Confucianism in the emperor Wu,and was affected by the Chenwei trend in the Eastern Han Dynasty.＂Tianming＂was from prophecy.The＂Renxin＂idea was supported by princes and sergeants,all the people settled in emperor Wen and was the heart of supporting Han in emperor Gengshi,and was the heart of the people longing for stability at the time of Liu Xiu accession.The idea of the Han Dynasty emperor accession had far-reaching influence.When Wei,Jin until Sui Dynasty emperor accession,all the ideas had been construed,leading to producing new contents.