黄土高原县域农业生产效率时空变化分析

Spatio-temporal change of agricultural production efficiency in the loess plateau

运用DEA模型,以耕地面积、粮食播种面积、乡村从业人员数、农业机械总动力、农用化肥施用折纯量为投入指标,以农业生产总值、粮食产量、油料产量为产出指标,对1987—2014年黄土高原281个县(市)的农业生产效率及时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)综合效率平均值为0.694,处于中等水平,并且保持了一定的增长态势,但区域差异较大;其变异系数高值(V>0.250)出现在黄土高原北部和东部的部分县(市)域;(2)黄土高原纯技术效率主要表现为3种基本类型,其中高效率县(市)数量有所增加,并有向北部扩大的趋势;综合效率受纯技术效率和规模效率二者共同影响,纯技术效率对综合效率的影响大于规模效率;(3)该区农业生产规模效率值大于0.9,平均水平较高,分布也较为均衡。在2005—2014年期间,黄土高原大部分县(市)处于规模报酬递增阶段,可以通过扩大农业生产规模来获得更高的生产效益。

The agricultural production efficiency change of 281 counties in the Loess Plateau was analyzed over1987 to 2014 using Data Envelopment Analysis（ DEA）,taking the cultivated area,sown area of grain,rural employees,total power of agricultural machinery,and the amount of agricultural chemical fertilizers as input indexes,gross agricultural product,grain and oil output as output indexes. The results suggest that：（ 1） The average value of comprehensive efficiency was 0. 694,which is on medium level,and keeps a moderate rate of growth,but the regional difference is larger. The coefficient of variation of high value（ V 〉0. 250） located in some counties in the northern and eastern parts of the Loess Plateau.（ 2） The variation of pure technical efficiency was divided into three basic types according to the calculation. The number of counties with high value due to pure technical efficiency increased,and there are more such kind of counties from the south to the north. Comprehensive efficiency affected by both pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency,and pure technical efficiency has more contributed to the comprehensive efficiency than the scale efficiency.（ 3） The scale efficiency value was greater than 0. 9 in the entire area with a high scale efficiency and the better balance in distribution. Most counties were in the stage with increasing scale returns in the Loess Plateau in 2005 to 2014,and it is still possible to get higher production efficiency by expanding the scale of agricultural production.