1959—2015年黑龙江省玉米需水量时空分布特征

Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Maize Water Requirement in Heilongjiang Province during 1959—2015

基于黑龙江省26个气象站1959—2015年的逐日气象数据和14个农业气象观测站的1991—2008年玉米生育期观测资料,利用单作物系数法和Arcmap的空间分析功能计算并绘制了玉米生育期内各月有效降雨量(Effective precipitation)、需水量(Crop water requirement)和灌溉需水量(Irrigation requirement)及三者气候倾向率的分布图,揭示了黑龙江省玉米水分供需的时空分布规律。结果表明:黑龙江省玉米生育期有效降雨量平均值为302 mm,高值区位于中部地区,5—6月呈增长趋势,7—9月呈下降趋势;需水量平均值为383 mm,自西向东总体呈先减小后增大的分布趋势,除9月外,全生育期及各月需水量均呈减小趋势;灌溉需水量平均值为153 mm,其分布与需水量分布相似,西部地区灌溉需水量较大,5、7月呈减小趋势,而8、9月呈大幅增加趋势,应在7、8月适时补充灌溉,保障玉米产量。本研究可为黑龙江省玉米种植区灌溉水资源分配和灌溉制度制定提供科学依据。

Distribution maps of effective precipitation （Pe）, crop water requirement （ETc）, irrigation requirement （Ir） and their climatic tendencies during maize growth period were calculated and drawn by single crop coefficient method Arcmap spatial analysis based on daily meteorological data in 1959—2015 of 26 meteorological stations and maize growth observation data in 1991—2008 of 14 agrometeorological stations in Heilongjiang Province. The spatial and temporal distribution of maize water supply and demand in Heilongjiang Province was revealed. The result showed that the average value of Pe in Heilongjiang Province during maize growth period was 302mm, and the high value area was located in the central area, it showed an increasing trend in May and June, a decreasing trend from July to October. The average ETc was 383mm, and it was decreased first, and then increased from west to east, ETc during the whole growth period and each month showed a increasing trend except September. The average Ir was 153mm, and its spatial distribution was similar to that of ETc, Ir in the western area was larger, it decreased in May and July, and increased greatly in August and September. Irrigation should be supplemented in time in July and August to ensure maize yield. The research result provided a scientific basis for the allocation of irrigation water resource and the formulation of irrigation practice in maize planting area of Heilongjiang Province.