刑事司法证明中的专门知识:从权力支配到认知偏差

The Specialized Knowledge in the Criminal Proof: From the Dominance of Power to the Bias of Cognition

2012年《刑事诉讼法》根据鉴定活动的本质特征作出多处修改。但在司法实践中,"鉴定结论"到"鉴定意见"的转变并未带来实质的符号权力减让,"有专门知识的人"之意见呈现进退维谷的尴尬,相关角色定位混乱。实践乱象的背后,是"以印证为中心的整体主义证明模式"所承载的"知识-权力"话语与"认知-行为"理论所产生的交织与耦合。刑事司法场域的微观权力网络之中,知识与权力的互动需要由"支配-被支配关系"转向"互动关系",并在降低法官认知流畅度的同时,提示其启动理性认知系统对感性认知行为进行监控与修正。

In 2012, based on the nature of the judicial expertise, Criminal Procedure Law made a nulnber of related amendments. In judicial practice, however, the transformation from ＂expertise conclusion＂ to ＂expertise opinion＂ did not bring ahout substantial symbolic power concessions. The opinions of ＂people with specialized knowledge＂ came into a dilemma, and the related roles were confused. Behind the eonfusion is the interweaving and coupling of the ＂knowledge - power＂ discourse and the ＂cognition - behavior＂ theory carried by the ＂holistic proof model centered on the corroboration＂. In the micro - power network of criminal field, the interaction model between knowledge and power needs to shift from ＂dominance -domination＂ to ＂interactive relationship＂, in order to reduce judge＇ s cognitive flueney, which prompts the judge to initiate rational cognitive system to monitor and revise perceptual cognitive behavior.