从生存型创业到机会型创业的跃迁——基于农民创业到农业创业的多案例研究

A Multiple-case Study on Transformation from Peasant Entrepreneurship to Agricultural Entrepreneurship

机会型创业是我国农民创业者通过农业创业进入正式经济组织进而缓解贫困并最终走向富裕的主要路径。基于此,选取央视《致富经》栏目中6个农民创业实例作为样本,运用扎根理论方法探析从农民创业到农业创业的跃迁过程。本文将环境诱因引入Viswanathan等的生存型创业系统,基于Saxton等创业支持行为理论构建由生存型农民创业到机会型农业创业跃迁的动力系统模型,演绎生存型创业到机会型创业的动态跃迁,揭示创业类型的跃迁是创业者在环境诱因的诱发下,突破生存型创业者的"模糊风险厌恶"心理禁锢,借助创业支持体系打破生存型创业系统在封闭的、非正式经济环境中形成的均衡,并通过商业模式创新捕获新的商业机会实现机会型创业发展,从而完成由封闭向开放、由非正式向正式经济组织的系统跃迁。该模型还揭示了创业类型的跃迁不仅是单一的个体行为,而且是一种群体行为,即:在实现自身创业跃迁时,农民创业者还对农村创业社区产生自下而上的影响,带动产业相关的农民群体进入正式的经济组织,实现从农民创业到农业创业的跃迁,从而在更大范围内缓解贫困。

Opportunity entrepreneurship is the key to peasants＇ poverty alleviation by entering into formal economic organization through agricultural entrepreneurship. Therefore,this study coded six peasant entrepreneurship stories from＂Zhi Fu Jing＂in CCTV-7 by the method of grounded theory to examine the process of transformation from peasant entrepreneurship to agricultural entrepreneurship. Drawing the system of subsistence entrepreneurship from Viswanathan,we add environmental triggers and venture advocate behaviors to build a dynamic system of transformation,based on the theory of VABs provided by Saxton. Next,illuminate the process of dynamic evolution： with the help of venture advocates,peasant entrepreneurs are motivated by triggers to break down the equilibrium of the closed loop system caused by their behavior characteristic of ＂ambiguity aversion ＂. Then,reshape system dynamics through business model innovations which seize new business opportunities to achieve entrepreneurial development,ending up with an open system of agricultural entrepreneurship. Finally, the transformative process finished with peasant entrepreneurs moving from informal economy to formal economy. Such transformation is not only individual behavior but also group behavior and exerts bottom up influence to the entrepreneurial system of rural venture community,which generates broader effects on poverty alleviation.