论我国侵权法中作为义务的认定机制

On the Recognization Mechanism of Duty to Act in Chinese Tort Law

不作为侵权的构成以作为义务的违反为前提。在我国制定法上,作为义务存在的依据包括显性规定、具体化的隐性规定及一般性的隐性规定。这种规范模式在作为义务的规定上存在法律漏洞,并未为法官提供足够明确的裁判指引;司法实践中关于作为义务的认定也存在判决说理不充分、法律适用不统一等问题。为解决上述问题,在立法上,我国应于未来民法典侵权责任编设置作为义务的一般性规定;在司法上,法官应于判决中充分阐释其法律适用的理由,最高人民法院应适时发布司法解释及指导性案例以实现法律适用的统一。

Violating the duty to act is the premise of liability for omissions. The basis of duty to act in our law includes dominant rules, specific implicit rules and general implicit rules. This mode has legal loophole and does not provide a clear guideline for judges. There are also some problems in judicial practice on judging duty to act, such as the insufficiency of judgment reasoning and the inconformity in the application of law. In order to solve the problems, we should set general rules on duty to act in the fu- ture Civil Code. At the same time, judges should fully explain the reasons in their decisions and the Supreme Court should promptly issue judicial interpretations and guidance cases so as to achieve the uniform application of law.