锂硫电池的概况及其电极材料的研究进展

Survey and Research Process on Electrode Materials of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

锂硫电池具有高能量密度、低成本、环保等特点，其潜在的应用前景十分广泛。解析了锂硫电池独特的工作原理，提出了导致锂硫电池难以商业化的重要原因，总结了锂硫电池由于活性物质体积膨胀、穿梭效应和锂枝晶等带来的主要技术难点。针对上述问题，重点综述和分析了国内外研究人员在电极材料方向进行锂硫电池性能改进的研究进展。目前，锂硫电池正极材料的研究热点在载硫体／硫复合材料和正极结构的改进，在实验室环境下，锂硫电池的能量密度和循环寿命都得到了显著提升。锂负极保护主要通过表面钝化的方法实现，而采用锂合金、锂嵌入脱出型材料或预嵌锂材料替代纯锂作为负极，也是提升电池性能的重要手段。此外，本文提出了深入发展锂硫电池的建议，重点需要进一步攻克技术难点，并从全电池系统加大研发力度，还要与企业结合共同推动锂硫电池的商业化进程。

Lithium-sulfur battery has the characteristics of low cost and high energy density, and its potential application prospect is very extensive. In this paper, the working principle of lithium-sulfur battery was analyzed. And the significant reasons leading to the difficulty of commercialization of lithium-sulfur batteries were proposed. Meanwhile, the main technical problems due to volume expan- sion of active substance, shuttle effect and lithium dendrites were summarized. In view of the above issues, the research progress on the electrode materials to improve the performance of lithium-sulfur battery was reviewed and analyzed. At present, the research focus of lithium sulfur battery anode was the improvement of the adsorption-guest/sulfur composite material and the structure of positive electrode and the energy density and cycle life of lithium-sulfur batteries were significantly improved in the laboratory. The lithium negative electrode protection was mainly achieved by surface passivation. Using lithium alloy, lithium embedded material or embedded lithium material instead of pure lithium as negative electrode, was also an important means to improve battery performance. In addition, some suggestions to develop further the lithium-sulfur batteries were proposed. The technical problems should be solved as the key point. It was also needed to increase research and development efforts from the whole battery system, and combine with the enterprise to promote the commercialization process of lithium-sulfur batteries.