东北地区谷子地方品种和育成品种表型比较分析

Comparison on the Phenotypic Traits between Landraces and Cultivars of Foxtail Millet [Setaria italica(L.) P. Beauv.] in Northeast China

我国东北地区谷子育种经历了从地方品种到育成品种的转变,但其具体表型性状等变化尚不清楚。本研究在敖汉旗对我国东北地区120个谷子地方品种和育成品种进行表型鉴定,并分析了遗传多样性,结果表明:东北地区谷子品种以绿幼苗、绿叶鞘、纺锤松散穗、黄粒、黄米型为主。育成品种晚熟、生物量大且高产,表现在出苗至抽穗、开花、成熟的时间以及播种至成熟的时间均极显著大于地方品种;主茎直径、叶片数、旗叶宽度均极显著大于地方品种;主穗重、主穗粒数极显著大于地方品种,主穗粒重和产量显著大于地方品种,但千粒重极显著小于地方品种,说明育成品种主要通过增加穗粒数来实现产量提升。遗传多样性指数分析发现,参试品种各性状遗传多样性指数大小顺序为:产量性状(2.0063)>形态性状(1.9655)>生育期(1.7238)>质量性状(0.6370);地方品种护颖颜色、粒色、米色遗传多样性指数明显高于育成品种,说明谷子育种使粒色米色越来越趋于一致。基于30个性状的标准化数据,将参试品种聚为两类,聚类结果与品种来源地没有明显关联。类群Ⅰ为早熟、低产品种,且幼苗叶色、米色均为绿色和黄色;类群Ⅱ为晚熟、高产品种。根据10个主要表型性状,筛选出综合性状优良的红谷子、燕谷18等种质资源,可供东北地区谷子育种重点利用。

The modern breeding of foxtail millet in Northeast China has undergone a change from landraces to cultivars,but the differences on specific phenotypic traits remain unclear. In this study,120 foxtail millet varieties including landraces and cultivars were subjected for phenotypic identification and diversity analysis of traits in Aohan county,P. R. China. A majority of varieties represented green color of seedling and leaf sheath,panicle of fusiform and loose,yellow color of grain and hulless grain. In contrast to the landraces,the cultivated varieties were late maturation,large biomass and high yield. Mainly manifested in the times from seedling emergence to heading,to flowering,and to maturity,and the entire lifecycle of the cultivars were extremely significantly longer than those of the landraces（ P〈0. 01）. And the diameter of the main stem,the number of leaves and the width of the flag leaf of the cultivars were extremely significantly more than those of the landraces（ P〈0. 01）. And the main panicle weightand the number of seeds in main panicle of the cultivars were extremely significantly more than those of the landraces（ P〈0. 01）,grain weight of main panicle and yield of the cultivars were significantly more than those of the landraces（ P〈0. 05）. Although the thousand grain weight of the landraces was extremely significantly higher than that of the cultivars（ P〈0. 01）,the yield increasing of the cultivars was higher due to the increasing number of kernels in main panicle. The diversity analysis on phenotypic traits found variations on the rank of average genetic diversity index the yield traits（ 2. 0063） 〉the morphological traits（ 1. 9655） 〉the growth periods（ 1. 7238） 〉the quality traits（ 0. 6370）. The genetic diversity index of glume color,grain color,and hulless grain color of the landraces were significantly higher than that of the cultivars,while other traits were not statistically different. That indicated that the color of grain and hulless grain became consistent along the process of foxtail millet breeding.Based on the standardized data of 30 phenotypic traits,the tested materials were divided into two categories. The varieties in group-I mostly represented early-maturation,low yield,green seedling and yellow hulless grain,while the varieties in group-II were late-maturation and high yield. No correlation between the clusters and the collection sites of the varieties was detected. Thus,this worked via analyzing the 10 main phenotypic traits revealed the varieties with good performance,valuable in breeding of foxtail millet in Northeast China.