王政复辟时期英国的宗教政策和“信仰自由”

The English Religious Policies and Royal Declaration of Indulgence during the Restoration

16-17世纪是英国史上的多事之秋,期间发生了一系列重大事件,涉及改革、内战、革命、复辟和政变等内容。虽然17世纪英国革命进行得如火如荼,但由于盲目性和消极性因素的作用,革命后的英国人不得不接受这样的残酷现实,即克伦威尔护国摄政下的军事独裁,以及随之而来的王政复辟。但是,从查理二世到詹姆斯二世的斯图亚特复辟君主并没有接受革命的教训,他们推行的宗教政策,不是极端化就是前后矛盾,又将英国政局推上了革命的风口浪尖。这不仅表明了专制主义的顽固性,也折射出革命的局限性。1688年的光荣革命本质上只是一次"不流血的"宫廷政变,抑或是一场代价小而影响深刻的政治变革。借助于它,英国最终抛弃了复辟王朝过时的专制主义和不得人心的宗教政策,大步走上了宗教宽容和信仰自由的政治现代化之路。

The 16 -17^th centuries was a period of trouble, in the history of England during a series of major events, involves the Reformation, the Civil Wars, the Restoration, the Puritan Revolution, and the Glorious Revolution. This was a tortuous process in which many chaos relationships were interwoven into a colorful tragicomedy. Although the English Revolution in the mid - 17^th century was in full swing, it had a lot of characteristics of blindness and negativities so that the English people had to accept the brutal reality of the military dictatorship under Cromwell and the subsequent Restoration. Stuart kings, both Charles II and James II, of the Restoration, did not accept the lesson from the Revolution and pursued extreme and incom- patible religion policies. So they pushed England once again at the center of the revolution. It not only shows the obstinacy of despotism, but also reflects the limitations of the British revolution. The Glorious Revolution in the year 1688 was, in essence, a ＂bloodless＂ court coup, or a small, costly and impressive political reform. With this one, England abandoned the despotism of the Restoration and the unpopular religious policies, and strode on the path of political modernization with religious tolerance and freedom of worship.