一战后初期大英帝国对伊拉克库尔德人政策的衍变

On the Change of Great Britain's Policy towards the Iraqi Kurds in Early Period after World War Ⅰ

一战末期伊拉克库尔德人向英国提出了自治诉求并被接受。一战结束后,英国政府便派遣爱德华·诺尔在南库尔德斯坦支持马哈茂德建立自治政府,推行间接统治。阿诺德·威尔逊主政巴格达后,寻求在南库尔德斯坦建立直接统治。从间接统治到直接统治,战后初期英国对伊拉克库尔德人的政策经历了根本性的转折,除了与马哈茂德自身的政治野心以及权力欲的膨胀存在一定关联之外,中东地缘政治环境的剧变、南库尔德斯坦极端重要的政治、经济与战略地位、高级专员公署对库尔德人的态度变化、伊拉克库尔德人的独立倾向与英国的战略规划存在冲突等因素都加剧了英国政策调整的步伐。从本质上来说,英国对伊拉克库尔德人政策的变化是其战时不成熟中东政策的延续,同时也是英国在印度西北曾经实施的部落政策在中东的再现与翻版,最终旨在服务于战后英国在中东的国家战略利益需求。

The Iraqi Kurds appealed to Britain for autonomy and were accepted by the end of the World War I. After the Great War, the British government sent Edward Noel to support Mahmoud to establish a self-government and implement indirect rule in Southern Kurdistan. After in charge of the Baghdad affairs, Arnold Wilson sought to establish direct rule in southern Kurdistan. From indirect rule to direct rule, British＇s the postwar policy toward the Iraqi Kurds had undergone a fundamental change. In addition to Mahmud Barzinji＇s own political ambitions and the expansion of the will to power, there were some other correlations, such as the upheaval of geopolitical environment in the Middle East, the political, economic and strategic status of Southern Kurdistan, the attitude of the high commission＇s to the Kurds, the conflicts between the tendency of Iraqi Kurds＇ independence and Britain＇s strategic planning, all of which contributed to the adjustment of British policy. In essence, the change of the British＇ policy toward the Iraqi Kurds was the continuation of its Middle East policy, which was immature during wartime. Meanwhile, it was also the reap-pearance of England＇s tribe policy to the northwest of India, ultimately designing to serve the British＇s national strategic interests in the Middle East after the war.