濒危植物居群恢复的遗传学考量

Genetic considerations in recovery of endangered plants

本文针对濒危植物居群的遗传多样性、生殖适合度、基因流、近交和远交衰退等遗传学问题在居群恢复过程中的应用进行了探讨。濒危植物居群的回归重建,既面临遗传多样性的迅速丧失、近交衰退等遗传风险,还因回归引种地存在较多近缘种而带来远交衰退的风险,最终导致遗传适应性降低,生境适应性变窄,繁殖和竞争能力减弱。为提高濒危物种保护的质量和效率,在构建回归居群时,应分批次从同一来源居群的不同母株采集材料,确保种源的遗传纯正性和遗传组成的多样性,还应使回归居群尽可能远离近缘广布种。另外,还需要对回归种群进行持续的监测和管理才能保证回归引种的成功。

Reintroduction and population restoration are widely recognized as effective measures for the conservation of endangered plant species. However,population restoration of endangered plants is very complex,resulting in few successful cases. In this review,issues such as genetic diversity,reproductive fitness, gene flow, outbreeding depression, and inbreeding depression in the restoration process of endangered plant species populations,are discussed to guide population restoration and reconstruction. During the reintroduction process,the restored populations are not only faced with genetic risks such as the rapid loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding depression but are also at risk of outbreeding depression due to the existence of closely related species near the reintroduced population, which ultimately leads to a decrease in genetic and ecological adaptability and lower reproductive ability and competitiveness. To improve the quality and efficiency of species protection,materials should be collected several times from different maternal plants of the same population to reestablish the new population,which will help maintain genetic integrity andsufficient genetic basis. The reintroduced population should be kept as far as possible from its close relatives. In addition,continuous monitoring and management are needed to ensure the success of reintroduction of endangered species.