论蒋介石与中苏外蒙古问题交涉

Chiang Kai-shek and Sino-Soviet Negotiation on Outer Mongolia

二战后期,作为苏联参加对日作战条件的外蒙地位问题,成了中苏谈判的一大焦点。蒋介石对此问题的因应,先是希望通过赋予外蒙高度自治,甚至将其自治权提升至可与苏联宪法上规定的各加盟共和国权限相同,换取苏联承认中国对外蒙享有宗主权。当了解斯大林坚持外蒙独立的坚定态度后,蒋介石放弃了中国对外蒙空洞的宗主权,转而以之为筹码,换取苏联对中国东北、西北边疆领土主权的尊重及国民党政权的支持。同时,为避免苏联控制下的外蒙以后与中国发生边界纠纷,蒋介石力图事先划定中蒙边界。中苏外蒙古问题交涉,体现出蒋基于战时及战后中国对美、苏政策考量下的现实主义取舍。这种以牺牲边疆领土主权换取政治利益的办法不仅没能帮助蒋介石巩固政权,而且使中国失去了领有外蒙的法理依据,即便在联合国大会做出谴责苏联违背《中苏友好同盟条约》决议后,外蒙古独立的事实也再难改变。

In the last stage of World War II,the issue of Outer Mongolia's status,as the prerequisite of Soviet Union's participation in the war against Japan,became a focus in Sino-Soviet negotiation.Chiang Kai-shek's response to this problem was firstly wished to confer Outer Mongolia's high degree of autonomy,even raise the autonomy to the same as the joint republics of the Soviet Union granted by its constitution,in exchange for Soviet acknowledgement of China's suzerainty over Outer Mongolia.After understanding Stalin's firm attitude to insist the independence of Outer Mongolia,Chiang turned to obtain Soviet respect for Chinese sovereignty of northeast and northwest,as well as Soviet support to the Kuomintang regime,by giving up China's suzerainty over Outer Mongolia.Meanwhile,in order to avoid possible border disputes between China and Outer Mongolia controlled by the Soviet Union,Chiang tried to demarcate the border in advance.The Sino-Soviet negotiation on Outer Mongolia reflected Chiang's realistic choice based on China's policy toward the United States and Soviet Union in wartime and postwar era.Not only this sovereignty sacrificing in exchange for political interests didn't help Chiang consolidate his power,but made China lost de jure Outer Mongolia.Even after the United Nations Congress condemned Soviet Union's violation of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance,the fact was difficult to change that Outer Mongolia had been an independent country.