商品有机肥替代化肥对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响

Crop Yield and Soil Fertility Response to Commercial Organic Fertilizer Substituting Chemical Fertilizer

【目的】通过连续3年定位监测华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区商品有机肥部分替代化肥施用后作物产量和土壤肥力的变化,探究商品有机肥替代化肥对作物产量及土壤肥力的影响,以期为该区域商品有机肥的科学施用提供理论依据。【方法】试验开始于2011年,于山东禹城设置3个不同施肥处理:不施肥对照(T1);单施化肥(T2);等养分条件下,有机肥部分替代化肥(T3)(氮、磷和钾替代比例分别为11.3%、13.7%和58.8%)。于2011—2014年连续3年进行田间取样,分析冬小麦-夏玉米轮作制度下,不同施肥处理对作物产量、产量构成以及土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的影响。【结果】(1)商品有机肥部分替代化肥施用后,冬小麦和夏玉米3年平均产量分别为7 700和9 175 kg·hm^(^(-2)),与当地栽培条件下高产水平相当,但与单施化肥处理相比差异不显著。(2)与单施化肥相比,商品有机肥替代化肥处理对产量构成因素(有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重)未表现出显著影响。(3)商品有机肥部分替代化肥施用3年后,与单施化肥相比,土壤有机碳增加了19.5%、土壤全氮提高了12.3%,显著高于单施化肥处理。【结论】商品有机肥部分替代化肥能保证华北平原小麦-玉米轮作体系的作物稳产、高产,并且能够培肥地力,有利于土壤可持续利用。

【Objective】The three-year continuous field experiment under winter wheat-summer maize rotation system was carried out in North China Plain, to study the effects of commercial organic fertilizer substituting chemical fertilizer on crop yields and soil fertility. Thus, the aim of present study was achieved to provide academic and practical evidence for fertilizer application.【Method】The treatments included the following three treatments： control（T1, no fertilizer added）, conventional dosage of inorganic fertilizer（T2）, and commercial organic fertilizer partial substituting chemical fertilizer（T3）（The substituting ratio of N, P2 O5 and K2 O were 11.3%, 13.7%, 58.8%, respectively）. In addition, the application amount of total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium between T2 and T3 kept the same. During the mature period, crop yield, yield composition and soil fertility under different treatment were investigated. 【Result】 The results were shown as：（1） The three-year average yield of winter wheat and summer maize under T3 treatment were 7 700 kg·hm^（^（-2）） and 9 175 kg·hm^（^（-2））, respectively.（2） Compared with chemical fertilizer treatment, commercial organic fertilizer partially substituting chemical fertilizer application had no significant difference in spike numbers, grains per spike and 1 000-grain weight of winter wheat or summer maize.（3） After three-year cultivation, compared with chemical fertilizer application alone, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content of commercial organic fertilizer partially substituting chemical fertilizer treatment increased by 19.5% and 12.3%, respectively.【Conclusion】Compared with no fertilizer treatment, fertilizer application could significantly increase crop production. Moreover, commercial organic fertilizer partially substituting chemical fertilizer maintained crop yield, and also improved soil fertility, which was beneficial to the sustainable utilization of soil resource. Therefore, commercial organic fertilizer partially substituting chemical fertilizer is a scientific strategy for fertilizer application in North China Plain.