山东省小麦施肥特征与评价

The Characteristics and Evaluation of Wheat Fertilization in Shandong Province

【目的】进入21世纪,人口、资源、环境的矛盾日益突出,中国农业生态环境面临多个方面的严峻挑战,施肥对环境的影响受到越来越多的关注。山东省是中国北方典型的高投入高产出集约农业区,对该省施肥状况的研究分析,对全国农作物施肥管理具有参考借鉴作用。论文针对山东省主要粮食作物——冬小麦的施肥状况进行系统分析,旨在理清其施肥特征与问题,为冬小麦的施肥决策与管理提供科学依据。【方法】以山东省测土配方施肥项目数据和统计资料为数据源,采用调查分析与统计分析相结合的方法,摸清小麦施肥现状及特征,并通过MATLAB建模分析建立最佳施肥模型,明确小麦施肥参数。【结果】2015年山东省冬小麦化肥消耗系数(Fec)较2010年减少了5.71%。冬小麦氮、磷、钾肥的平均施用量高于全国平均水平,施用比例存在磷肥比重较大,钾肥比重不足的状况。冬小麦基肥与追肥中多元素肥料占比增加,单质肥料占比总体减少。全省施肥总量、氮肥、磷肥的施用量呈自西向东递减的趋势,皆为鲁西和鲁北平原区最高,鲁东丘陵区最低。钾肥的施用量则与之相反。潮土地区小麦施氮、磷量最高,其次为砂姜黑土、褐土和棕壤,盐碱土区较低,钾素的投入则以棕壤最高,其次为砂姜黑土和褐土,盐碱土和潮土区钾素投入量较少。氮磷钾肥施用量与土壤全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量之间存在一定的不匹配状况,可适当增加东部丘陵区氮素用量,减少高产区肥料投入,增加低产区施肥水平。山东省以产量为目标的冬小麦氮磷钾肥最佳施用量分别为182.02、82.58和83.22 kg·hm^(-2),与此相比,目前氮肥、磷肥分别超25.60 kg·hm^(-2)和37.77 kg·hm^(-2),钾肥亏3.84 kg·hm^(-2)。【结论】山东省冬小麦施肥状况正在向良性发展,但仍存在施肥量偏高,施肥方式及比例不够合理问题。

【Objective】Entering the 21 st century, the contradiction of population, resources and environment is becoming more and more prominent, and Chinese agriculture is facing a serious challenge in many aspects. Shandong Province is a typical intensive agricultural area of high investment and high output in northern China. The agricultural development in Shandong Province has set a template for other provinces. The research and analysis of the fertilization status in this province can play a certain role of predictive and early warning in the management of crop fertilization in the whole country. This study analyzed the fertilization status of winter wheat in Shandong Province, aiming to provide scientific basis for the macro management of winter wheat fertilization, which has practical and wide significance.【Method】The fertilization status and characteristics of wheat were clarified by using investigation analysis and statistics analysis based on the data and statistics of Soil Testing Formula Applying Fertilizer Project in Shandong Province. Then the optimal fertilization model was established and the fertilization parameters of wheat were identified with MATLAB modeling and analysis.【Result】In 2015, fertilizer expend coefficient（Fec） of winter wheat in Shandong Province declined 5.71% compared to 2010. The average fertilizer amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in winter wheat was higher than the national average. The proportion of phosphate fertilizer was excessive and the proportion of potassium fertilizer was inadequate. The multi-element fertilizer ratio of basal and topdressing in winter wheat was increased, while the straight fertilizer ratio was decreased. For the total provincial fertilization, nitrogen and phosphorus were declined from west to east; the western and northern plain of Shandong were the highest; the eastern hilly area of Shandong Province was the lowest; the potassium was on the contrary. The nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization were the highest in fluvo-aquic soil, followed by Shajiang black soil, cinnamon soil and brown soil; saline-alkali soil was at a lower rate; potassium fertilization was the highest in brown soil, followed by Shajiang black soil and cinnamon soil; saline-alkali soil and fluvo-aquic soil were at a lower rate. There is a mismatching situation between NPK fertilization and total N, available P, rapidly available K. It could appropriately increase the amount of nitrogen in the eastern hilly area, reduce fertilization input in the high-yield area, and increase fertilization input in low-yield area. With the target of yield, the optimal fertilization application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for winter wheat was 182.02, 82.58 and 83.22 kg·hm^-2, respectively, in Shandong Province. By contrast, the nitrogen and phosphorus were overstepped 25.60 kg·hm^-2 and 37.77 kg·hm^-2, respectively. And potassium was short of 3.84 kg·hm^-2.【Conclusion】The present situation of winter wheat fertilization in Shandong province is making the benign developments. But there still exist many problems, such as the amount of fertilizer is too high and the way and proportion of fertilization are not reasonable. The results of this research have positive significance to rational fertilization, resources conservation and environmental protection of winter wheat in Shandong province.