山东省3～6岁幼儿大肌肉动作发展特征研究

Gross motor development of 3～6-year-old children in Shandong

3～6岁幼儿是形成并发展大肌肉动作的关键期。运用美国大肌肉动作发展测试第二版(TGMD-2)对山东省济南市、潍坊市及莱芜市788名3～6岁的幼儿(平均4.35±0.80岁)进行测试,并结合城乡、年龄、性别等因素进行比较分析。结果显示:3～6岁城市幼儿的位移动作发展水平与农村幼儿相差不大,但是在物体控制动作上,城市幼儿的动作发展水平明显高于农村幼儿,尤其是踢球和地滚球动作;双手接球动作农村幼儿得分高于城市幼儿,但却没有明显统计学差异;3～6岁幼儿随着年龄的增加,大肌肉动作的发育逐渐成熟,但是每个动作发展的速率在不同的年龄段不同,立定跳远、接球、击固定球、上手投球以及地滚球动作,在3～3.5岁与3.5～4岁这两个年龄段出现发展缓慢的现象,并没有年龄差异。在3.5～4岁与4～4.5岁这两个年龄阶段上,前跨跳、侧滑步、前滑步、拍球、踢球以及击固定球等动作的发展也比较平缓,没有发现显著的年龄差异;3～6岁幼儿大肌肉动作发展表现在性别上,虽然男性幼儿的位移动作得分与物体控制动作得分高于女性幼儿,但是却没有明显的统计学差异。但是具体到某个动作的发展水平,出现了显著的性别差异,在单脚跳与侧滑步动作中女性幼儿的得分明显高于男性幼儿,但是在踢球、击固定球以及上手投球动作中,男性幼儿的发展水平非常明显地高于女性幼儿。

3 ～ 6 years is the key period for the formation and development of gross motor skills.The motor development test version second（ TGMD-2） was used to test 788 children（ 3 ～ 6 years old,average 4. 35 ＋ 0. 80 years） randomly extracted from Jinan City,Laiwu city and Weifang city of Shandong. The results were analyzed combined with factors of urban and rural areas,age and gender. The results show that Shandong province there is little difference between the children from urban areas and those from rural areas,but in the aspect of object control action,children from urban are significantly better than those from rural in motor development level,especially the Kick and Overhand Throw movement; Although the rural preschool children Catch score is higher than urban children,there is no statistically significant difference; With increasing age,large muscle movement development gradually mature,but the development rate varies at different ages,the movements such as Horizontal Jump,Catch,Striking a Stationary Ball,Overhand Throw and Underhand Roll,develop slowly between the year 3 ～ 3.5 and 3.5 ～ 4,and there is no age difference. Not only that,in the two stage of 3.5 ～4 and 4 ～ 4.5 years old,the development of Leap,Slide,Gallop,Stationary Dribble,Kick and Striking a Stationary Ball is relatively flat,no significant age difference was found; in gender,although male children got higher scores in object displacement movement control action than those of the female,there was no statistically significant difference; however,when specifically to the development level of some particular action,there were significant gender differences,female children in Hop and Slide action the score significantly higher than male,but in the Kick,Striking a Stationary Ball and Overhand Throw action,male children are significantly higher than those of female.