礼秩与国运——蜀汉亡国原因探讨之一

The Relationship Between the Etiquette Grade and the Fate of the State——The Reasons for the Death ofShu Han( Part One)

诸葛亮于蜀汉有巨大之功绩,然其身份毕竟乃大臣,而非天子。故自礼秩言之,死后之诸葛亮仅可居于配飨君主庙庭之地位,而不可为之专门立庙以祭祀。蜀汉君臣本诸救亡图存之目的,在亮死后近三十年即景耀六年(263)为亮立庙沔阳(今陕西勉县东南),实为"非礼"。"国之大事,在祀与戎"。国家意义之祭祀实是礼制尊严亦即国家尊严之最高体现。蜀汉君臣深知为亮立庙乃"非礼"而为之,即是自毁国家礼制之尊严,可谓精神之崩溃。而精神崩溃,国家未有不亡者。故自蜀汉全部之历史而观之,蜀汉之亡虽已自诸葛亮之死而预示之,然有速亡之势,乃在其精神崩溃之后。魏军灭蜀所以有摧枯拉朽之效者,根本之原因在此。凡此诸端,学界大多忽略。

Although Zhuge Liang had great contributions to Shu Han State,his status,after all,was only the prime minister rather than emperor.So from the etiquette grade of view,Zhuge Liang who died could just have such a status as a company in the ceremony of worshipping emperors in the ancestral temple,but people could not build a temple alone for him to worship.For the purpose of saving Shu Han State the emperor Liu Shan and his ministers built a temple for Zhuge Liang in Mian Yang(now in the southeast of Mian County,Shaanxi Province)after Zhuge Liang had been dead for nearly 30 years.That was rude.The national affair lay in ritual sacrifices and wars.Ritual sacrifices at the national grade,in fact,were the highest expression in a system of dignity,that is,state dignity.Although Liu Shan and his ministers profoundly realized that it was incompatible to build a temple for Zhuge Liang,they still did that.That is,to undermine the dignity of the states etiquette system.That could be seen the collapse of their spirit.Thus,the state must be eliminated.Observed from the entire history of the Shu Han regime,although the demise already foreshadowed after Zhuge Liang died,there was a rapid demise of the situation since the collapse of those peoples spirit.That is why the Wei army encountered almost no difficulty in the destroyed Shu regime.Those have long been overlooked almost by the academic circles.