《1844年英国银行法》新解析及其当代启示:基于《资本论》的视角

The New Analysis of The English Bank Legislation of 1844 and Its Contemporary Value: Based on the Perspective of Capital

《1844年英国银行法》确立了资本主义中央银行的基本理念与基本制度,这部银行法的基本思想来源于李嘉图的通货原理。从某种程度上说,李嘉图的通货原理为西方主流货币理论——货币中性论(货币数量论)奠定了基础,此后西方主流货币理论取得了许多新成果,但都没有离开这个基本框架。可以说,货币中性论就是古典主义经济学—新古典主义经济学谱系在货币经济学领域的体现。基于"理性人"假设,货币中性论无疑是科学的,其基础上的《1844年英国银行法》也就有理可依,这一思维已经极大地影响到经济学界。然而,以"现实人"为研究起点,马克思在《资本论》中对货币中性论及其基础上的《1844年英国银行法》进行了深刻的批判:货币领域是经济关系问题最大的领域之一,利益集团性、垄断性、非理性心理因素、信息不对称性等都使得货币中性论在现实市场经济中矛盾重重。这是"现实"层面的真正科学的中央银行理论,其不但具有中国价值,也为世界贡献中央银行治理的中国方案。当前中国应该基于"现实人—货币关系批判和货币关系管理"的基本框架建立中国特色社会主义中央银行理论。

The English Bank Legislation of 1844 established the basic idea and system of capitalist central bank,whose basic thought was from the Ricardos Currency Principle.To a certain extent,Ricardos Currency Principle provided the basis of the monetary neutrality theory(quantity theory of money).After that,the study of the mainstream monetary theory in the West made many new achievements in this basic theoretical frame.The monetary neutrality theory was the embodiment of classical economics and neoclassical economics in the monetary economic field.Currently,China appeals to the financial innovation in socialism with Chinese characteristics,which makes the attitude towards the monetary neutrality theory one of the important problems.And the new analysis of The English Bank Legislation of 1844 became an important problem.The monetary neutrality theory,which was the basic theory of The English Bank Legislation of 1844,was scientific on the rational man hypothesis.However,taking realistic man as the starting point,Marx deeply criticized the monetary neutrality theory and The English Bank Legislation of 1844 in Capital.Through the criticism,Marx came up with the conclusion:the monetary field was full of problems in economic relation,including the interest group,monopoly,irrational psychology,information asymmetry and so on,leading the monetary neutrality theory faced with many conflicts in reality.Through the analysis of relational problems in the monetary field,based on Marxs monetary theoretical perspective,there came the conclusion that we should establish the central bank theory based on the basic theoretical frame,real men the critique and management of monetary relation.Only in this way can we build up the scientific central bank theory in reality,which not only contains the realistic value towards Chinas development,but also provides the world with a central bank governance scheme with Chinese characteristics.