论明朝万历时期对安南的“不拒黎、不弃莫”政策

On the Policy of “Neither Rejecting the Lês Nor Abandoning the Macs” in An Nam in Wanli Period of the Ming Dynasty

明朝万历年间,因中兴黎朝在郑氏掌权下逐渐崛起,并将莫氏余党驱赶至高平一带,导致明朝与安南的藩属关系再次出现波折。明朝政府将安南事务的处置权交给了两广地方官员,陈大科、杨寅秋等官员在与安南各政治势力及地方土司的交涉中,逐步确立了"不拒黎、不弃莫"政策,并一直延续到明末清初。明朝晚期对安南实行的"不拒黎、不弃莫"政策,首先是确保安南境内在特定时期只能有一个接受册封的贡臣家族,即接纳实力派中兴黎朝,承认其为安南唯一的贡臣;其次是尽最大可能保护旧贡臣家族的人身安全,即同时又维护旧贡臣莫氏,将其安插于高平地区,作为安南境内一个独立的"统治特区"。这一政策是对嘉靖朝安南政策现实主义倾向的继承和完善,是一种有差别的"双重承认"政策。

As the Later Lêdynasty ruled by the Trinh lords was gradually rising during the reign of Emperor Wanli in the Ming Dynasty,the Mac family was expelled to Cao Bang,which once again led to broken vassal relationship between the Ming Dynasty and An Nam. The Ming government entrusted officials in Guangxi and Guangdong with the disposition of An Nam affairs. In negotiations with the political forces and chieftains in An Nam,Chen Dake,Yang Yinqiu and other officials gradually shaped the policy of＂neither rejecting the Lês nor abandoning the Macs＂. The policy had two purposes. The first purpose was to ensure that for a certain period of time there was only one canonized tribute family in An Nam,that is,recognizing the Later Lêdynasty as the only tribute power of the Ming Dynasty in An Nam; the second was to protect the safety of the old tribute family,i. e. protecting the old tribute family the Macs and establishing Cao Bang as a separate ＂ruling area＂of the Mac family in An Nam. This policy inherited and improved the realistic policy adopted by the Jia Jing Dynasty towards An Nam and was a discriminatory ＇double-recognition＇policy.