优化配置农业水权的路径分析——以个体农户和农村集体的比较分析为视角

The Optimal Path to Allocate Agricultural Water Rights——A comparative analysis of individual peasants and rural collectives

水权独立于水资源所有权,是由水资源所有权派生而来的,以使用和收益为主的用益物权。一般意义上的使用水权,主要是指水资源使用权。农业水权是相关权利主体依法按照自己的意志,使用农业水资源,排除他人非法干涉的权利。在具体的用水实践中,农业水权的行使主体是个体农户和农村集体。就权利内容而言,既包括个体农户依照法律的规定对水资源的使用权和收益权,同时也包括农村集体对村域范围内水塘、水库中的水行使管理权和支配权。面对农业水资源浪费和欠缺并存的悖论,结合中国农地高度分散和细碎化的现实,以及农田水利的系统性特征,我们需要在厘清农业水权兼具公权和私权属性的基础上,充实农村集体对水资源的支配权和管理权,并充分尊重农业水权的地方性实践。

A usufruct featuring use and profits,water rights are derived from ownership of water resources but independent of it. In a general sense,water rights mainly refer to water use rights. Agricultural water rights are the rights of the holders to use agricultural water resources according to their will and exclude unlawful interference of other people. In actual water use,individual peasants and rural collectives are subjects of agricultural water rights. As to the contents of the rights,they include not only the rights of individual peasants to use and benefit from water resources in accordance with the provisions of the law but also the rights of rural collectives to control and dispose of water resources in village pools and reservoirs. Given the paradox between the shortage and waste of agricultural water resources,the reality of the highly fragmented agricultural land and the systematic nature of farmland water conservancy projects,we need to first clarify the attribute of agricultural water rights（ which are both public rights and private rights） and then to strengthen the control right and disposition of rural collectives over water resources and accord respect to the practices of different places in exercising agricultural water rights.