基于“努力”概念的社会和国家学说——对斯宾诺莎政治哲学的阐释

The Theory of Society and State Based On The Concept of “Conatus”——An Interpretation of Spinoza's Political Philosophy

在以往的斯宾诺莎政治哲学研究中,人们通常把焦点放在斯宾诺莎政治哲学对后世的影响上,在某种程度上,这类研究割裂了斯宾诺莎的政治哲学思想与其哲学体系的关系。就斯宾诺莎政治哲学理论本身而言,其论证思路是以人的"自然状态"为基础,通过人保持自身的"努力"概念来揭示人的本质,进而从心灵的主动情感出发推及人的主动行为,社会成为遵循理性的共同体。人基于这种共同的情感力量,遵循自然法则去塑造国家,国家成为人的幸福和自由的现实。斯宾诺莎的政治逻辑正是其哲学观点"身心平行论"的必然结论,是人在"努力"保存个人存在的必然结果。斯宾诺莎的政治哲学是其哲学体系的有机组成部分,而且构成了其哲学目标的可行性路径,其思想价值在当代仍有迹可循。

In the study of Spinoza＇ s political philosophy, scholars usually pay attention to Spinoza＇ s influence on later political philosophy. It separates Spinoza＇ s political philosophy from his philosophical system. However, on the one hand, human nature is based on the concept of effort and the natural state of human beings. On the other hand, at a deeper level, people with rational feelings must live in the society and the state. The parallel theory of mind and body is the logical foundation of Spinoza＇ s political philosophy, which an integral part of his philosophical system. Finally, political philosophy is the realization of the goal of Spinoza＇ s Philosophy, and it still influences contemporary political philosophy.