北京市4区县中小学生营养与饮食行为状况

Nutritional status and dietary behaviors among school-aged children in Beijing

目的了解北京城乡中小学生营养和饮食行为状况,为制定干预策略提供依据。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,从北京市城区和农村各抽取2个区县,每个区县抽取若干小学、初中和高中,以班级为抽样单位,共抽取4 640名中小学生进行基本信息、营养及饮食行为、饮水状况、营养知识等内容的问卷调查。结果中小学生肥胖检出率为10.0%,其中男生为12.8%,女生为6.8%,男生高于女生(χ~2=52.94,P<0.01);消瘦检出率为10.2%,其中男生为9.8%,女生为10.7%,差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.96,P=0.33)。小学生、初中生、高中生的肥胖检出率分别为10.9%,6.8%,8.2%;消瘦检出率分别为11.7%,8.2%,6.4%,差异均有统计学意义(χ~2值分别为14.74,22.94,P值均<0.01)。城区学生肥胖率为8.5%,农村为11.0%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=8.24,P<0.01)。仅有57.2%的中小学生能够正确评价自身营养状况,仅1.5%的调查对象能全部回答正确9道营养知识题目。农村学生的早餐来自路边摊的比例为13.7%,城区学生为5.9%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=79.56,P<0.01)。农村学生深色蔬菜、粗杂粮、肉类、蛋类和奶类每天都摄入的比例均低于城区学生,且差异均有统计学意义(χ~2值分别为9.50,24.71,28.42,38.04,30.84,P值均<0.01)。结论北京市中小学生在营养状况与饮食行为方面存在明显的城乡差距,农村中小学生的营养状况、早餐行为习惯和膳食结构有待改善,中小学生整体的营养知识水平有待提高。

Objective To investigate nutritional status and dietary behaviors among school-aged children in four districts of Beijing, and to identify possible urban and rural difference. Methods A total of 4 640 students were selected from two urban districts and two rural districts using the multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method. The students were investigated with self-administered questionnaire. Results The overall obesity rate was 10.0% while the rate of wasting was 10.2%. The obesity rates of primary schools, middle schools, high schools and vocational high school students were 10.9%, 6.8% and 8.2%（ χ^2= 14.74, P〈0. 01）, while the rate of wasting was 11.7%, 8.2% and 6.4%（ χ^2= 22.94, P〈0.01）, respectively. The obesity rate of boys（ 12.8%）was statistically higher than that of girls（ 4.8%）（ χ^2= 52.94, P〈0.01） while wasting rate of boys（ 9.8%） was lower than that of girls（ 10.7%） without statistical difference（ χ^2= 0.96, P = 0.33）. The obesity rate of urban students（ 8.5%） was statistically lower than that of rural students（ 4.8%）（ χ^2= 8.24, P〈0.01）. About 57.2% students could evaluate nutrition status appropriately, and merely1.5% students could give the right answer to all nine questions about nutritional knowledge. The rate of having street food as breakfast among rural students（ 13.7%） was statistically higher than that among urban students（ 5.9%）（ χ^2= 79.56, P〈0.01）. Proportion of eating dark vegetables, grains, meat,eggs and milk among urban students was higher than those for rural students（ χ^2= 9. 50,24.71, 28.42, 38.04 and 30.84, P〈0.01）. Conclusion Significant differences are found in nutritional status and dietary behaviors between rural and urban students in Beijing. Compared to rural students, urban students have more healthy diet. Improving breakfast habit and diet structure, as well nutritional awareness should be the priorities of future intervention on nutritional improvement among rural students.