论我国民法典体例结构的完善——基于1942年《意大利民法典》经验的考察

On the Structure of 1942 Italian Civil Code and Its Enlightenment on the Chinese Civil Codification

民法典的结构是立法者要解决的首要问题。《民法总则》出台后,我国民法典编纂工作须直面民法分则若干编的结构编排问题。1942年《意大利民法典》以六编制的独特结构著称,这是其立法者考察本国法制传统并回应时代需求,参考近代民法典的两大蓝本《法国民法典》与《德国民法典》之后作出的选择。从人物关系、民商关系与总分关系三方面出发观察1942年《意大利民法典》与其蓝本的异同与改进,对同样看重法、德民法典的我国具有启示作用。我国民事法律体系虽已基本完备,但在法典化的过程中以怎样的结构体例组织起来,依然存在重大争议,意大利学习并超越其蓝本的经验可资借鉴。

The structure the civil codification is the primary challenge faced by legislators. Since the enactment of the General Part of Civil Law on May 15, 2017, the Chinese civil codification has stepped into the second stage in which the structure, especially that of the special parts of civil code, remain to be resolved. The Italian civil code of 1942 is famous for its particular six-part structure, a choice made by its legislators after studying its predecessors, including the Code Civil and the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch in Europe, to meet the demands of the era. It is wise to observe the differences and modification between the Italian civil code of 1942 and its predecessors, which can enlighten us on our codification from the following three perspectives： person-thing relation, civil-commercial relation, and general-special relation. Although in China the singular parts of civil law are generally complete, it is still undecided how the specific parts of civil code can be designed in a satisfying structure. The Italian experience is worth studying during this process.