军队参加国际救援的性质、地位和便利

Military Participation in International Relief:Nature,Status and Convenience

最近20年,各国军队进入别国境内帮助救助自然灾害的做法,在规模和频率上前所未有。上世纪90年代初,联合国成立了人道主义救援机构,推动制定了关于军队在别国境内参加国际救援的建议性规则《奥斯陆准则》。这个准则总体上倾向于鼓励各国派兵帮助他国救灾,因而对救援部队的特权豁免和便利作了较多的规定。然而,受援国不会忽视对维护本国领土、行政、司法等主权权利的考虑,既欢迎外国军队进入本国帮助救灾,也要维护本国的尊严和权利,所以在实践中救援国和受援国的不同考虑形成了张力和博弈。军队参加国际救援的国际规则表现出三个主要发展趋势:一是在性质上"脱敏",逐渐趋同于一般国际合作;二是部队地位逐渐提高,救援部队和人员逐渐享有接近于外交和联合国机构及人员的特权与豁免;三是由于救援行动的紧急性,救援部队能够在受援国享有更多的工作便利。中国军队参加国际救援日渐增多,应当从救援和受援两个角度关注和推动国际规则的发展。

In recent 20 years, the military of many countries have entered into the territory of other countries to help rescue natural disasters, which have reached a large scale and frequency. At the beginning of 1990s, the United Nations humanitarian relief agencies had been established, to promote the development of rules on military forces participating in international rescue in the territory of other countries, and such proposed rules named Oslo Guidelines. The guidelines, in general, tend to encourage countries to send troops to aid other countries in disaster, thus giving more provisions on the privileges, immunities and conveniences of the rescue forces. However, the recipient countries will not neglect the consideration of safeguarding their territorial, adminis- trative, judicial and other sovereign rights. They welcome foreign troops to enter the country help disaster relief, and also safeguard their dignity and rights. Therefore, in practice, the different considerations of rescue countries and recipient countries have created tension and game. The international rescue forces to take part in the ＂, gradual convergence in general international cooperation; the second is the force status of increasing rescue forces and personnel gradually enjoy the privileges and immunities of the United Nations and close to foreign institutions and personnel; the third due to emergency rescue operations, rescue forces can enjoy more convenience in the work of the recipient. China army to participate in international rescue should focus on increasing, from two angles of rescue and recipient and promote the development of international rules.