传统园林凿山理景艺术初探

The Art of Rock-Chiseling in Chinese Ancient Mountain-garden

凿山理景在我国传统园林的营造中应用广泛,早在魏晋时就有相关记载,并在历朝历代不断发展成熟。基于现有研究缺乏对其的系统整理,将凿山理景的历史源流和主要特征进行梳理,并在整理文献资料中记载的凿山案例的基础上,将传统园林凿山理景的理法分为凿山作峰石、凿山作洞壑、凿山作溪谷、凿山作蹬道、凿山作壁刻,浅析其造园理法和匠意。凿山理景能充分利用真山原本的山势地脉,以较少的人力和物力对山体加以梳理与雕琢,人工与自然融合成景,体现了景观营造中的传统智慧。在当代风景园林的建设背景下,凿山理景在山水园林城市的建设中具有借鉴价值,尤其在山地园林的景观设计,以及由采石活动产生的棕地的景观修复等方面,具有应用前景。

Rock-Chiseling was widely used in Chinese ancient mountain-gardens, which was recorded in the Wei and Jin dynasties,and matured in the continuous development. As the existing study lacks systematic research,the authors,collecting cases recorded in ancient literatures,try to discuss about the origin and development of Rock-Chiseling in Chinese ancient mountain-gardens,as well as the main features and art value of them. And based on this,the authors grouped the RockChiseling types into Rock-Chiseling for peaks,Rock-Chiseling for caves,Rock-Chiseling for valleys,Rock-Chiseling for paths,and Rock-Chiseling for carvings. Rock-Chiseling can make the best use of the topography and site feature,and integrate the artificial landscape with natural landscape by less manpower and material resources,which represent the Chinese conventional wisdom. The ideas and ways of Rock-Chiseling have practical values in the development of landscape city in nowadays,and will play a prominent part in the design of mountain-gardens,especially in the landscape restoration of quarry wastelands.