生于苦难的利他:概念、分类和影响因素

The Altruism-Born-of-Suffering:Concept, Classification and Influential Factors

已有研究普遍认为利他来源于积极生活事件,而消极生活事件会诱发反社会行为。然而,遭受过苦难的个体有些会更加珍爱生命、更愿帮助他人,即生于苦难的利他。这一概念可以根据助人行为的发生时间、帮助的层级水平、受助者与助人者的成员关系以及命运相似性分为四类。个体对苦难的认知、对自我情绪的调节和相似的苦难经历以及一些相关的外部因素都会影响生于苦难的利他的产生。未来的有关研究应当致力于开发测量生于苦难的利他的有效工具,探索不同类型的苦难与利他行为之间的关联以及生于苦难的利他在不同领域的表现。

Many existed researches conclude that altruism derived from positive life events. At the same time, antisocial behavior is generally induced by negative experience. However, the fact is that those who have suffered misery or traumatic events will cherish their life more than before and become more helpful to others. That is what has been so called the altruism-born-of-suffering. This concept can be classified into four categories according to the time when helping behavior happens, the level of helping behavior, the relationship between helper and recipient, and the similarities of their destinies. Both those internal factors, including the cognition of misery, the adjustment of self-emotion, and the similar suffering experiences, and those external factors have influences the occurrence of the altruism-born-of-suffering. Related studies in the future should focus on developing effective measurement tools of the altruism-born-of-suffering, investigating the relationship between different categories of suffering and altruism and the performances of the altruismborn-of-suffering in different fields.