拉美“福利赶超”与社会支出的结构性矛盾

Welfare Overtaking and Structural Conflicts of Social Expenditures in Latin America

拉美社会支出占GDP的比重接近20％，表现为所谓的“福利赶超”，但基尼系数却高居不下。文章研究发现，拉美“福利赶超”模式下，社会支出明显倾向高收入群体，公共资金也不成比例地流向核心就业者，造成结构性矛盾。这是既得利益者的福利刚性、劳动力市场分割以及社会支出“黑箱”共同作用的结果。文章进而基于哥斯达黎加和荷兰的经验认为：不同国家应根据自身国情国力压缩福利上涨空间，加大实施更有针对性的有条件救助制度，降低资格门槛把更多非正规就业者纳入到社会保险制度中。

The proportion of public social expenditures in Latin America is close to 20 percent of GDP which is characterized welfare overtaking, but their Gini coefficients remain high. It is found that social spending in Latin America clearly leans to high - income groups, and public and fiscal funds disproportionately flow to core employees in the labor market. Structural conflicts of social spending like this result from the rigid high welfare of the vested interest group, fragmented welfare society caused by the segmentation of the labor market, and the structure of social spending misplaced in the policy ＂black box＂. The lessons learned are as follows ： slowing the growth pace of welfare benefit, improving conditional social assistance policies and benefiting more low - income households, and lowering the eligibility threshold to make more informal workers to participate in the social insurance system. In this regard, Costa Rica and the Netherlands have provided some experiences.