自闭症早期预警:联合注意和共情的发生发展及影响因素

Autism Spectrum Disorders early warning:Occurrence,development and influencing factors of joint attention and empathy

自闭症在3岁前已经发病,目前对于自闭症儿童的诊断却要到3岁后,滞后性的诊断使得自闭症儿童可能错过最佳干预治疗期。证据显示,在婴幼儿早期,联合注意与共情的发生发展可以作为3岁之前自闭症预警的重要内容。早期联合注意能力发展异常是自闭症言语和社交障碍的重要诱因;而早期共情能力发展的偏离则可能导致自闭症儿童表现出社交障碍和沟通障碍。文章初步描绘出早期联合注意和共情的发生发展轨迹,总结归纳了影响二者早期发生发展的三个重要方面:神经生理、遗传和环境机制。未来的研究应考虑结合分子生物学和神经成像技术,设计更加生态化的联合注意及共情任务,探索自闭症个体联合注意和共情损伤在大脑分子细胞层面的表征状态,从而为自闭症的早期预警提供更加客观的指标。

The Manifestation of overt ASD（Autism Spectrum Disorders） symptoms can be as early as before age of 3, yet the diagnosis under existing technique takes intervention only after 3 years old, on which the autistic children miss the optimal intervention period. The mismatch will makes autistic children likely to miss the optimal intervention period. The empirical evidence showing that the development of joint attention and empathy can be of importance as to an early warning of autism before the age of 3. The abnormal early joint attention development is a vital incentive for autistic speech disorders and social barriers. While the deviation of the early empathy may lead to ASD social barriers and communication disorders. The article depicts the trajectory of early joint attention and empathy, to summarize the neurophysiologic, genetic and environmental mechanism that affects the early development of the two. Future studies to combine molecular biology and neuroimaging techniques will provide significant evidence-based indicators for early warning from reaching on the brain cell layers.