祥云地区出土铜器pXRF成分分析——昆明夷铜器工艺类型初探

XRF analysis of bronzes unearthed from the Xiangyun area——exploration of the bronze technique tradition of Kunming Yi

为探究滇西地区青铜文化及相关铜器的制作技术,本研究使用便携式X射线荧光光谱(p XRF)对滇西祥云县大波那墓地、检村石棺墓和红土坡古墓群出土357件铜器进行了成分分析。结果表明,p XRF可在无损、原位的情况下,基本做到铜器合金成分的定量分析。铜器材质均以红铜和锡青铜为主,铅锡青铜和砷铜居少量。三处墓地铜器Sn、Pb配比模式高度一致。铜矛、铜剑等兵器中出现少量高锡青铜。这些现象反映出祥云地区各时期铜器的制作工艺高度一致,可称之为昆明夷铜器工艺类型。大波那墓地铜器基本不含铁,其余墓地存在较多高铁铜器,大波那地区的先民应该采用了不同的冶炼技术。砷铜全部出自红土坡古墓群,初步推测晚期墓葬出现的砷铜乃至砷铜工艺很可能是沿着"半月形文化传播带"由西北地区传入祥云地区的。

Previous research indicates that portable X-ray fluorescence（ p XRF） can be used for quantitative compositional analysis of bronzes non-destructively and in-situ. In order to investigate the bronze culture in the Xiangyun area of western Yunnan,we used p XRF to analyze 357 bronzes unearthed from cemeteries at Dabona,Jianchun and Hongtupo. The results show that the types of alloy are mainly copper and tin bronze,but there are also small amounts of Pb-Sn bronze and Cu-As alloy. The alloy ratio patterns of Sn to Pb of the three cemeteries are highly consistent and indicate that the bronze techniques used during different periods in the Xiangyun area all belong to ＂Kunming Yi＂tradition. Some bronzes also contain iron in their matrix compositions. Dabona bronzes are almost free of iron while the other cemeteries have many high iron bronzes. The ancestors of Dabona area may have adopted different smelting techniques. All of the Cu-As alloy bronzes came from Hongtupo cemetery. It can be speculated that the Cu-As alloy,and even the technique of making it was introduced to the Xiangyun area from the northwest area along the semilunar culture communication belt.